Questions and Answers
Who is considered the founder of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
What was the focus of the Theory Era in nursing?
What did the Research Era in nursing focus on?
Research process and acquiring substantive knowledge
The shift in emphasis during the Theory Utilization Era is towards theory __________ in nursing practice.
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The Graduate Education Era emerged before the Research Era.
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What does nursing theory consist of?
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Match the following eras of nursing with their primary focus:
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The development of nursing knowledge is the basis for nursing _____
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Theories are more commonly used in education than in __________.
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Professional practice requires a systematic approach focused on the _____
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Nursing models and theories were made into a conceptual __________ as a basis to complete curriculum.
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Nursing is a multi-paradigm discipline that encompasses various _____
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Practice without theory is like a map without a route; it is __________.
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The belief system or worldview of the profession provides perspective for practice, _____, and research.
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Middle-range theories focus on the discovery of concepts such as pain, self-esteem, and __________.
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The study of the theory of _____ is known as epistemology.
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The relational work between nursing theory and nursing research helps in building nursing __________.
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Study Notes
Evolution of Nursing
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Theory Era (1980-1990s)
- Marked by a focus on theory development and testing.
- Florence Nightingale, recognized as the founder of modern nursing, emphasized the need for theoretical frameworks.
- Shifted from pre-paradigm to paradigm in nursing.
- Nightingale also established the first nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital.
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Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)
- Characterized by applying traditional nursing theories in practice, research, education, and administration.
- Emphasis on balancing research and practical application to generate quality professional nursing practices.
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Curriculum Era (1900-1940s)
- Focus on determining essential concepts and courses for nursing students.
- Standardized curricula were developed to ensure uniform education across nursing schools.
- Aimed to prepare student nurses adequately for professional practice through evidence-based instruction.
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Research Era (1950-1970s)
- Nurses played a critical role in addressing relevant research questions in nursing.
- Introduction of research courses in nursing education emphasizing the research process.
- Pursuit of higher education for nursing degrees emerged as vital for advancing nursing knowledge.
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Graduate Education Era (1950-1970s)
- Developed alongside the Research Era to enhance specialized nursing education.
- Emergence of Master’s degree programs in nursing focused on advanced knowledge development.
- Shift from a vocational perspective of nursing to a professional status, emphasizing scientific and artistic dimensions of care.
Nursing Theory
- Comprises interrelated concepts derived from studies and experiences within the discipline.
- Dynamic and diverse, reflecting the variety of individuals who practice nursing and those who receive care.
- Theory in nursing is an organized system meant to explain various phenomena related to healthcare.
Key Terms
- Concepts: Ideas formulated through perception and observation, such as justice, love, and disease.
- Propositions: Statements that describe the relationships between different concepts.
- Definitions: Descriptive elements that provide clarity and reduce ambiguity in understanding concepts.
- Assumptions: Statements that clarify the connections among factual concepts or phenomena.
Theoretical Adequacy
- Clarity: Evaluates how clear a theory is, considering the meanings of terms and consistency in definitions and structure.
Nursing Knowledge and Practice
- Development of nursing knowledge is foundational for nursing practice.
- Establishment of both nursing degrees and master's programs reflects the evolution of the profession.
- Accreditation is essential for nursing programs to ensure standard curricula.
- Debates surround whether nursing is a basic or applied science.
Importance of Nursing Theory
- Nursing theories guide research, practice, and generate new ideas.
- They differentiate nursing from other professions by focusing specifically on patient care.
- Effects of nursing theory are amplified the broader the scope of its application.
Nursing Philosophy and Epistemology
- Nursing philosophy comprises universal assumptions and beliefs about knowledge and thought.
- Epistemology explores the nature and limits of knowledge, leading to questions such as "What do we know?" and "How do we validate our knowledge?"
- Nursing operates within a multi-paradigm framework, enhancing its complexity.
Way of Knowing in Nursing
- Empirics refers to scientific knowledge, while personal knowledge derives from personal experiences and insights.
- Theoretical concepts are often more prominent in educational settings than in clinical practice.
Relationship Between Theory and Research
- Grand theories provide broad, complex frameworks that assist occasional nursing research.
- Middle-range theories focus on specific concepts relevant to nursing practice, such as pain or self-esteem.
- Rationalism emphasizes deductive reasoning while empiricism relies on verified experiences.
- Positivism advocates for understanding complex phenomena by analyzing basic components.
Patterns of Knowledge in Nursing
- Empirical knowledge is based on scientific methods and quantifiable data.
- Esthetic knowledge refers to the perception and artful application of empathetic care.
- Personal knowledge involves the therapeutic use of self, emphasizing relationships with patients.
- Ethical knowledge underscores professional obligations and moral codes inherent to nursing.
Research Methodology
- Nursing is recognized as a human science differing from natural sciences, requiring distinct concepts and methods.
- Quantitative methods focus on measurement and analysis, whereas qualitative methods are grounded in social sciences and human experiences.
Florence Nightingale's Contributions
- Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing, emphasizing environmental factors in patient care.
- Born on May 12, 1820, she trained in Germany in 1851, committing to nursing in 1837.
Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Theory
- Describes a progression from novice to expert in nursing practice, highlighting stages of skill development, including beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.
- Proficient nurses utilize intuitive understanding of situations, transitioning from reliance on analytical principles to embodying comprehensive patient care.
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Description
This quiz explores the evolution of nursing during the Theory Era, focusing on the contributions of Florence Nightingale as the founder of modern nursing. It examines the transition from pre-paradigm to paradigm in nursing practice and theory development. Test your knowledge of this critical period in nursing history.
