Evolution of Clinical Psychology Profession

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary result of the collaboration between the United States Public Health Service and the Veterans Administration in the early 1940s?

It limited the number of psychologists being trained.

It created training funds and job opportunities for clinical psychologists. (correct)

It established the Boulder Model for clinical psychology.

It shifted the focus of psychology away from treatment.

What significant change occurred in psychology departments following the infusion of funds from the Veterans Administration?

Rapid growth of faculty members, students, and support staff. (correct)

Reduction in the number of psychology faculty members.

Increase in the curriculum's focus on theoretical psychology.

A shift towards more private practice settings.

What model was established at the Boulder Conference in 1949?

The community psychologist model.

The scientist-practitioner model. (correct)

The cognitive-behavioral model.

The practitioner-client model.

How did the 1946 classified ad listing psychologists alongside other medical professions reflect changes in the field?

It showed that psychology was being recognized as a medical profession. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the Boulder Model concerning the training of clinical psychologists?

Integrating experimental psychology instruction with practical training. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue faced by psychologists as stated in the content?

Eclecticism in choosing various sources of advice Signup and view all the answers

How do people feel about coping with their everyday situations, according to the content?

They recognize their lack of coping skills and seek advice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes public attitude towards different forms of advice?

Acceptance of any advice that appears reasonable Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'eclectic' indicate in the context of how the public seeks psychological advice?

Acceptance of a diversity of perspectives and methods Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a result of the complexities of modern life on individuals' understanding?

Heightened self-awareness of personal limitations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of client-centered therapy?

The client's point of view and self-realization Signup and view all the answers

Who was a significant figure in the development of behavior therapy?

Joseph Wolpe Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is NOT a part of client-centered therapy?

Cognitive restructuring Signup and view all the answers

What did Hans Eysenck's research conclude about psychotherapy's effectiveness in treating neurotic disorders?

The recovery rate is similar to those without therapy. Signup and view all the answers

According to behavior therapy, symptoms of maladaptive behavior are primarily influenced by what?

Conditioning to certain stimuli Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychotherapy, what is meant by 'unconditional positive regard'?

Accepting clients without conditions or limitations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Third Force' in psychology?

Humanistic psychology as an alternative Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of behavior therapy?

To change maladaptive behaviors directly Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic approach did Albert Ellis break from in 1954?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Paul Bindrim's 'nude psychotherapy'?

Facilitating personal authenticity Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Paul Bindrim's approach has been criticized by Albert Ellis?

Overemphasis on sex over love Signup and view all the answers

What did the 'fan' letter to Ellis imply about his views on male sexuality?

Men should prioritize sexual experiences over love. Signup and view all the answers

What concern did the letter from Elver A. express regarding counselors?

They charge exorbitant fees for services. Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic method is associated with Albert Ellis?

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What significant organization was founded by academic scientists after leaving the APA in 1988?

Association for Psychological Science Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the notable characteristics of Bindrim's 'marathon weekends'?

Emphasis on physical touch and light interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which antidepressant was introduced in 1987 as the first commercially available SSRI?

Fluoxetine Signup and view all the answers

In how many U.S. states do psychologists currently hold prescription privileges?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What challenges did homosexuals articulate in their communications about counseling?

They felt that counselors misunderstood their experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the PENS established by the APA in 2005?

Examine ethics of psychologists in national security interrogations Signup and view all the answers

What was a major concern of practitioners regarding academic scientists within the APA?

Indifference to concerns about insurance and managed care Signup and view all the answers

What year did the United States Department of Defense begin training psychologists to prescribe medications?

1991 Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle emphasizes the psychologist's responsibilities to society according to the APA Ethics Code?

Fidelity and Responsibility Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Psychology Today incident mentioned in the document?

Heightened tensions between practitioners and scientists Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Aaron T. Beck's Cognitive Therapy?

Correcting distorted thinking and irrational thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes an organism's learned response to a situation after repeated adverse experiences?

Learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates behavior modification from traditional learning processes?

It lacks a reasoned exchange of information. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychotherapy, what does 'psychological detente' refer to?

The collaboration among therapists of different schools of thought Signup and view all the answers

What does the Blue Shield policy imply about psychologists and physicians regarding psychotherapy?

Psychologists can bill for therapy without physician involvement. Signup and view all the answers

What assertion about the role of physicians in psychotherapy does Nicholas Cummings challenge?

Quality of care can be ensured only by physician supervision. Signup and view all the answers

What does attributional style relate to within the learned helplessness framework?

The tendency to attribute causes to events. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential implication of the term 'operational and theoretical similarities' mentioned by Mahoney and others?

Therapists are moving towards a unified theoretical model. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

A Changing Profession

Psychology's evolution as a profession is discussed, highlighting key turning points and figures.
Early advertisements in the New York Times, such as a classified ad from 1946, show a nascent psychology profession alongside medical practices
The Veterans Administration (VA) played a substantial role in developing clinical psychology after WWII, funding training programs.
This led to a rapid increase in trainees, rising from 200 at 22 universities in 1946 to 1500 at 50 universities in 1949.

The Boulder Model

The Boulder Conference (1949) established the scientist-practitioner model for training clinical psychologists.
This model emphasized academic instruction in experimental psychology, practicum in counseling centers, internships in medical/psychiatric settings (e.g., VA hospitals), and a research dissertation.

Growth of Psychology PhDs

A graph shows a significant increase in total psychology PhDs awarded in the US, from the early 1900s to 2010-2014.
Another graph shows the growth in the number of psychology PhDs awarded in different specializations, like clinical psychology and experimental psychology, from 1960 to 1999.
Data also demonstrate the changing gender balance within psychology PhDs, showing growth for females over the duration studied.
A table provides data on race/ethnicity breakdown for Psychology doctorate recipients between 1975 and 1984. Shows a greater level of white recipients compared to other racial groups, also showing an increase in diverse groups.

Different Approaches

Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers): This is a nondirective approach prioritizing the client's perspective free from pre-conceived therapist theories. Rogers's approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard, therapist congruence, and a warm, permissive atmosphere. This model sees counseling as a "democratic" self-realization technique. Rogers was involved in the Boulder model.
Behavior Therapy (Wolpe & Eysenck): This approach focuses on directly changing maladaptive behaviors. The theory is rooted in experimental methodologies and avoids deep-seated psychological exploration. Eysenck argued against psychoanalytic interventions. This was in opposition to psychoanalytic models, preferring behaviors' observable aspects.
Cognitive Therapy (Beck): Focuses on correcting distorted thinking patterns underlying conditions like depression. CBT often accompanies behavioral approaches.
Learned Helplessness (Seligman): A behavioral theory about depression, suggesting that learned helplessness can result from recurring negative experiences.

Psychology's Role in Interrogations

The Hoffman report (2015) discusses how APA officials colluded with DoD.
Testimony from Martin Seligman (2018) addresses the CIA's interest in learned helplessness for interrogations.
The APA's role in national security and interrogations is discussed, with ethical concerns for psychologists involved in such settings brought to light.

Professionalization Challenges

Significant tensions existed between practitioners and scientists within the American Psychological Association (APA)
This contributed to a mass exodus of academic (cognitive) psychologists from the APA and the formation of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)

Ethical Considerations

APA's Ethical Principles and the associated ethical dilemmas for psychologists in the context of national security and interrogations.
The American Medical Association's position on psychological roles in interrogations is contrasted with the APA's statements.

Modernizing Concerns and Evolution

Current recognition of psychologists in the delivery of psychotherapy.
Limitations of psychotherapy as a general healing technology versus individual-focused therapy
Ongoing competition facing Psychology, particularly from Psychiatry ( and psychopharmacology), and other therapists/advice resources
The evolving question of whether or not psychologists should be permitted to prescribe medication

Conclusion

Assessing the professionalization of psychology, noting its successes and compromises
Discussing the impact of these issues on the public perception of psychology.

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Description

Explore the evolution of psychology as a profession, including key turning points and influential figures. This quiz highlights the contributions of the Veterans Administration and the Boulder Model's impact on clinical training. Learn about the growth of psychology PhDs in the US post-WWII.