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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
What is the primary difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
- Microevolution refers to the evolution of microorganisms, while macroevolution refers to the evolution of plants and animals.
- Microevolution occurs over long periods, while macroevolution occurs rapidly.
- Microevolution is driven by natural selection, while macroevolution is driven by genetic drift.
- Microevolution involves changes in allele frequencies within a population, while macroevolution involves broader patterns of evolutionary change above the species level. (correct)
Which of the following best explains the concept of adaptive radiation?
Which of the following best explains the concept of adaptive radiation?
- The movement of individuals from one population to another.
- The rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into multiple forms to exploit different ecological niches. (correct)
- The gradual accumulation of mutations in a population over time.
- The extinction of a species due to environmental changes.
Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific?
Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific?
- Domain, Kingdom, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Genus, Species
- Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
- Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (correct)
Analogous structures provide evidence for which evolutionary process?
Analogous structures provide evidence for which evolutionary process?
Which scientist proposed that individuals lose characteristics they do not use and develop characteristics that are useful?
Which scientist proposed that individuals lose characteristics they do not use and develop characteristics that are useful?
What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in population genetics?
What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in population genetics?
Which of the following mechanisms of microevolution leads to new species?
Which of the following mechanisms of microevolution leads to new species?
What is the key difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
What is the key difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of which eukaryotic cell structure?
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of which eukaryotic cell structure?
Which of the following human ancestors is known as 'Handy Man'?
Which of the following human ancestors is known as 'Handy Man'?
Flashcards
Microevolution
Microevolution
Evolution on a small scale, changes in gene frequency within a population.
Macroevolution
Macroevolution
Evolution on a grand scale, encompassing the origin of new taxonomic groups.
Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic Tree
A branching diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships among species or groups.
Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive Radiation
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Branch Point
Branch Point
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy
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Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature
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Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures
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Geographic Isolation (Allopatric Speciation)
Geographic Isolation (Allopatric Speciation)
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Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory
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Study Notes
- Study notes on evolution, its history, and evidence
Diversity of Life
- Evolution includes microevolution and macroevolution
- Charles Darwin contributed significantly to the understanding of evolution
- Life is organized using an evolutionary (phylogenetic) tree
- Adaptive radiation occurs; for example, after a mass extinction
- Evolutionary trees include branch points, rooted trees, and sister taxa
- Taxonomy classifies life into Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
- A taxon is a group of organisms
- Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming organisms
- Phylogenetic trees have limitations
- Evolutionary relationships are determined using homologous structures, analogous structures, and molecular comparisons
Early Theories of Evolution
- Aristotle believed in his own views on evolution
- Malthus believed in his own views on evolution
- Lamarck believed in his own views on evolution
- Cuvier believed in his own views on evolution
- Lyell believed in his own views on evolution
- Darwin believed in his own views on evolution
- Wallace shared similar ideas to Darwin on evolution
- Mendel contributed genetic insights relevant to evolution
Speciation
- Mendelian genetics and evolutionary theories are linked
- Genes and alleles (variations of genes) are important
- Population genetics involves:
- Modern Synthesis theory
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- The relationship between mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration
- Microevolution, the process of forming new species, arises through:
- Mutation
- Genetic drift including the founder effect and bottleneck effect
- Gene flow (migration)
- Sexual selection
- Conditions for speciation include:
- Population isolation; a population must be split geographically or behaviorally into two separate groups
- Reproductive isolation; over time, these groups evolve independently, leading to reproductive barriers
- Hybrid species; think donkey + horse= sterile offspring?
- Speciation occurs through geographic separation (allopatric)
- Speciation that is not due to geographic separation occurs (sympatric)
Evolutionary Evidence
- There is significant evidence for the Evolution of life on Earth
- Chemical evidence supports steps in chemical evolution:
- Inorganic molecules
- Small organic molecules
- Macromolecules
- Early cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
- Multicellular organisms
- The evolution of eukaryotic cells is explained by the endosymbiotic theory
- Evidence of evolution comes from various sources:
- Domestication
- The fossil record
- Geographic distributions
- Comparative molecular biology
- Comparative anatomy, vestigial structures, and embryology
- Human evolution:
- Is supported by comparisons of human and chimp skeletal anatomy
- Includes Ardipithecus ramidus which has known characteristics
- The Genus Australopithecus has known characteristics regarding its various species
- A. anamensis
- A. afarensis
- A. africanus
- The Genus-Homo has known characteristics regarding:
- Homo habilis ("Handy Man") which existed ~2.5 million years ago
- Homo ergaster ("Working Man") which existed ~1.9 million years ago
- Homo erectus ("Upright Man") which existed ~1.6 million years ago
- Homo heidelbergensis which existed ~800,000 to 130,000 years ago
- Homo neanderthalensis: "Neanderthals"
- Cro-Magnons (Early Homo sapiens)
- Homo sapiens: "Thinking Man"
- There are two hypotheses for the evolution of modern humans
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Description
These study notes cover the history of evolution, including the contributions of Darwin, Aristotle, Malthus, Lamarck, and Cuvier. It also includes microevolution, macroevolution, phylogenetic trees, adaptive radiation, and taxonomy.
