Evolution by Natural Selection Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What do fossils provide evidence for in the theory of evolution?

  • Immediate changes in species due to environmental pressures
  • The abilities of present-day organisms to adapt instantly
  • Complete genetic codes of extinct species
  • A chronological record of earth's past organisms (correct)

    • What is an example of observational evolution?

  • The extinction of species due to climate change
  • The appearance of new species through fossil records
  • The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics (correct)
  • The emergence of feathers in dinosaurs

    • How have stickleback fish shown evolutionary changes?

  • Through changes in their genetic code based on their habitat (correct)
  • Via an abrupt change in species due to external factors
  • By exhibiting no change over millions of years
  • By developing fins that are identical in all environments

    • What does the fossil record of archaeopteryx illustrate?

    <p>The transition from dinosaurs to birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the study of evolutionary changes in sticklebacks reveal?

    <p>Species can evolve repeatedly under similar circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do seismographs and seismometers primarily measure?

    <p>Ground movements caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does GPS technology contribute to the study of tectonic plates?

    <p>It measures the movement of tectonic plates with millimeter precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of satellite-based remote sensing in monitoring volcanos?

    <p>It observes active volcanoes and tracks ash plumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region is particularly known for its frequent seismic activity?

    <p>The Asia-Pacific region, especially the 'Ring of Fire'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical role does real-time data from satellites play during volcanic eruptions?

    <p>It enables early warning systems and enhances public safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genes play in the survival of organisms within a population?

    <p>They are inherited traits that can improve survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do environmental factors influence natural selection?

    <p>They dictate which traits are advantageous for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major shift in understanding did the theory of plate tectonics bring about?

    <p>Continents are believed to drift and are not fixed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of plate tectonics explains the movement of Earth's plates due to heat from the core?

    <p>Mantle convection currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism relates to the concept of 'slab pull' in plate tectonics?

    <p>The weight of sinking plates pulling them deeper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alfred Wegener theorize about the continents?

    <p>They could drift apart over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mid-ocean ridges play in plate tectonics?

    <p>They provide evidence for seafloor spreading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary influence of environmental factors on the traits of organisms?

    <p>They influence which traits become advantageous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes earthquakes according to the theory of plate tectonics?

    <p>Movement of tectonic plates at faults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of boundary is characterized by plates moving toward each other?

    <p>Convergent boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do volcanic eruptions occur at convergent boundaries?

    <p>Oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of divergent boundaries in tectonic plate movement?

    <p>Creation of new crust through seafloor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transform boundaries?

    <p>Creation of new landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does magma play at constructive boundaries?

    <p>It fills gaps in the Earth's crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is well known for its volcanic activity due to the convergence of tectonic plates?

    <p>Ring of Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally happens at a subduction zone?

    <p>An oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between absolute dating and relative dating of fossils?

    <p>Absolute dating provides an exact age, whereas relative dating compares the ages of different fossils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle explains why younger sedimentary rocks are found on top of older rocks?

    <p>Principle of superposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of evolutionary theory, what role does natural selection play?

    <p>It allows advantageous traits to be passed on to offspring, affecting population changes over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria as observed through natural selection?

    <p>Scientists must develop more effective antibiotics to combat resistant strains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle related to the dating of rocks and fossils?

    <p>Principle of sufficient variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of fossils assist palaeontologists in constructing a timeline of life on Earth?

    <p>Fossils enable the estimation of the time periods organisms lived based on their physical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example illustrates the effect of natural selection as seen in antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment reproduce and pass on resistance traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the effect of the principle of cross-cutting relations?

    <p>It indicates that a geological feature that cuts across another is younger than the feature it cuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution by Natural Selection

    • Evolutionary Evidence: Present-day organisms have evolved from past organisms, as evidenced by:
      • Fossil Record: Fossils provide a chronological record of life on Earth, showing changes in organisms over time.
        • Example: Archaeopteryx, a transitional fossil, shows similarities to both dinosaurs and modern birds.
      • Observational Evidence: Evolution can be observed in real time.
        • Example: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria and the evolution of stickleback fish in different environments.
    • Natural Selection and Population Changes:
      • Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to offspring.
      • This leads to changes in the population over generations.
      • Example: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Bacteria with mutations that provide resistance are more likely to survive, leading to a population of resistant bacteria.
    • Genes and Environmental Factors in Survival:
      • Genes: Determine specific traits that contribute to survival.
        • Example: Camouflage coloration.
      • Environmental Factors: Influence which traits are advantageous.
        • Example: Thick fur in cold climates.

    Plate Tectonics

    • Continental Movement and Earth Structure:
      • The theory of plate tectonics revolutionized our understanding of Earth's structure and continental movement.
      • The Earth's outer layer (lithosphere) is divided into plates that move over the mantle (asthenosphere).
    • Plate Movements and Driving Forces:
      • Mantle Convection: Heat from Earth's core creates convection currents in the mantle, driving plate motion.
      • Gravitational Forces:
        • Slab Pull: The weight of a subducting plate pulls it deeper into the mantle.
        • Ridge Push: New crust formed at mid-ocean ridges pushes plates apart.
    • Plate Tectonics and Geological Phenomena:
      • Earthquakes: Caused by movement of plates at faults.
        • Convergent Boundaries: Plates collide, leading to subduction zones, mountain building, volcanic activity, and earthquakes.
        • Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust, leading to seafloor spreading.
        • Transform Boundaries: Plates slide horizontally past each other, triggering earthquakes.
      • Volcanoes:
        • Destructive (convergent): Occur when oceanic plates subduct beneath continental plates, leading to volcanic eruptions.
        • Constructive (divergent): Occur at mid-ocean ridges, where magma fills the gaps between plates, creating new crust and volcanic activity.

    Seismology and Earthquake Monitoring

    • Seismology: The study of earthquakes and seismic waves.
    • Seismographs and Seismometers: Measure and record ground movements caused by earthquakes.
    • Seismic Networks: Track earthquakes with high precision.
    • Asia-Pacific Region: The "Ring of Fire," where multiple tectonic plates converge, experiences frequent seismic activity.
    • Seismology Tools:
      • Locate earthquake epicenters.
      • Map fault lines.
      • Analyze seismic waves.
      • Enhance preparedness and resilience strategies.

    Global Positioning System (GPS)

    • GPS Technology: Measures tectonic plate movement with millimeter precision.
    • Monitoring Plate Motion: Helps scientists understand patterns of geological stress.
    • Asia-Pacific Region: GPS data reveals the collision between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, contributing to earthquake-prone zones.

    Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery

    • Satellite-Based Remote Sensing: Utilizes radar and infrared imagery to monitor volcanic eruptions.
    • Monitoring Volcanic Activity:
      • Tracking ash clouds.
      • Measuring changes in land elevation.
    • Asia-Pacific Region: Satellite imagery is crucial for monitoring volcanic eruptions like Mount Agung in Indonesia and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.
    • Real-time Data: Essential for early warning systems and public safety.

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    Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of evolution and natural selection with this quiz. Explore evidence from fossils and real-time examples of observable changes in organisms. Discover how traits influence survival and reproduction in populations over generations.

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