Evolution and Evidence of Evolution
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What is the most significant difference between Darwin's theory of evolution and the ideas put forth by Lamarck?

  • Darwin's theory emphasizes the role of natural selection, while Lamarck believed in inheritance of acquired traits. (correct)
  • Darwin believed in the gradual change of species over time, while Lamarck proposed that species are fixed.
  • Darwin's theory is based on the concept of common descent, while Lamarck's theory argued for separate origins of species.
  • Darwin's theory focuses on the variation within populations, while Lamarck emphasized the role of environmental pressures.

According to the provided timeline, which of the following events occurred closest in time to Darwin's publication of "On the Origin of Species"?

  • Hutton's proposal of his principle of gradualism.
  • Cuvier's extensive studies on vertebrate fossils.
  • Malthus's publication of "Essay on the Principle of Population."
  • Wallace sending his hypothesis of natural selection to Darwin. (correct)

Which of these concepts was NOT directly addressed in Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"?

  • The concept of common descent for all living organisms.
  • The idea that species change over time.
  • The evidence for the immense age of the Earth.
  • The mechanism of inheritance for traits. (correct)

The timeline highlights the influence of Hutton's principle of gradualism on Darwin's thought. What is the central idea of gradualism?

<p>Earth's geological features were formed through slow, continuous processes over millions of years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between the applications of evolutionary theory in the US and Nazi Germany?

<p>The US embraced evolution as a scientific theory, while Nazi Germany used it to justify racial discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of direct observation of evolutionary change?

<p>The fossil record (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between homology and analogy?

<p>Homology refers to shared ancestry, while analogy refers to shared function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

<p>The tailbone of a human (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central assumption of phylogenetic systematics?

<p>All life is related by genealogical descent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a species that has undergone specialization in a stable environment?

<p>High adaptability to changing environmental conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evolutionary change, what does "convergent evolution" refer to?

<p>Two species evolving independently but developing similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Darwin's Finches in the context of evolution?

<p>They demonstrate the rapid evolution of new species through adaptation to different environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "homoplasy" refer to in the context of evolutionary biology?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of organic evolution suggest about the organisms on Earth?

<p>They are all descendants of earlier species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification system was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus?

<p>Binomial classification system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon introduce during his studies?

<p>Buffon's Law about variation in similar environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Carolus Linnaeus's work in taxonomy?

<p>To group organisms by similarity in morphological characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was 'On the Origin of Species' published, establishing Darwin's theory of descent with modification?

<p>1859 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Georges Cuvier propose regarding geological events and extinctions?

<p>Catastrophism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle did Jean Baptiste Lamarck incorrectly attribute to the process of evolution?

<p>Acquired characteristics inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What explanation did Thomas Malthus provide for the decline in living conditions?

<p>Limited resources and unchecked population growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Charles Lyell advance the ideas of James Hutton?

<p>By developing the concept of uniformitarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major theme in the works of Charles Darwin?

<p>Natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of homology?

<p>Homologous features share a common ancestry, but may have different appearances and functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Baer's Law, what develops earlier in the ontogeny of a group of animals?

<p>General features common to all members of the group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haekel's Biogenetic Law suggests that ontogeny can provide insights into which aspect of a group?

<p>The evolutionary history of the group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of recapitulation in the context of ontogeny and phylogeny?

<p>The development of an organism repeats its evolutionary history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pharyngeal pouches and slits?

<p>Paired structures that develop from the anterior gut region in both vertebrates and protochordates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cervical fistula?

<p>A type of birth defect resulting from the persistence of pharyngeal slits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fossil record for supporting the theory of evolution?

<p>It provides evidence of the diversity of life on Earth at different periods of time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biogeography, and how does it contribute to the evidence for evolution?

<p>The study of the distribution of organisms on Earth, showing how species are related to their environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key observation that influenced Darwin's theory of evolution?

<p>Organisms are perfectly adapted to their environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Darwin's theory of evolution and Lamarck's hypothesis?

<p>Darwin's theory emphasizes natural selection, while Lamarck stressed the role of environmental pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

<p>Organisms acquire traits during their lifetime to adapt to the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Alfred Russel Wallace's contribution to Darwin's theory of evolution?

<p>Wallace independently developed a similar theory of evolution, prompting Darwin to publish his own work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Darwin observe during his voyage on the HMS Beagle that influenced his theory of evolution?

<p>He observed that species were remarkably different in closely located environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of "natural selection" in Darwin's theory of evolution?

<p>Natural selection guides the process of evolution, acting on the variations within populations to favor those that are best suited to their environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The article discusses how Darwin's theory of evolution initially faced strong public resistance. What is the primary reason for this resistance?

<p>Darwin's theory contradicted religious beliefs about the creation of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea presented in the quote "Truth is born into this world only with pangs and tribulations, and every fresh truth is received unwillingly"?

<p>Discovering new truths is a painful process that often faces resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Catastrophism

The idea that past geological changes occurred suddenly and dramatically, often due to catastrophic events like floods or volcanic eruptions.

Gradualism

A theory that explains the gradual changes in Earth's geological features over long periods, driven by slow and continuous processes still happening today, such as erosion.

Uniformitarianism

The concept that geological processes operate at the same rate in the past as they do in the present.

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Lamarck's misguided theory that organisms can acquire traits during their lifetime (like muscle growth from exercise) and pass these on to their offspring.

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Malthusian principle

Malthus's idea that population growth will inevitably outpace resource availability, leading to competition and hardship.

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Theory of Organic Evolution

The theory of Organic Evolution states that organisms on Earth have been evolving constantly, and the ones we see today are descendants of earlier organisms.

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Scala Naturae

A hierarchical system used by Aristotle to classify organisms based on their perceived complexity, with humans at the top.

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Museum Wormianum

Ole Worm's book, published in 1655, showcased his curated collection of oddities and rare specimens. It highlighted the importance of collecting and studying natural objects.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist and physician, introduced the binomial classification system used to classify organisms, like Homo sapiens. He's known as the 'Father of Taxonomy.'

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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Buffon was a French naturalist who wrote 'Histoire Naturelle,' which was one of the first discussions of evolutionary ideas. He noted how different regions have unique plants and animals despite similar environments.

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Earth's Age

The idea that Earth is very old, much older than previously thought.

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Species Change Over Time

This theory suggests that species change over time, some become extinct, while new ones emerge.

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Unity of Life

This concept underlines the shared ancestry of all organisms, implying that all living things are connected.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.

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Adaptation

Inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's survival and reproductive success in a specific environment.

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Evolution

The theory that species change over time through a process of natural selection.

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Voyage of the Beagle

Darwin's 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle, where he observed diverse species and geological formations, ultimately leading to his theory of evolution.

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Alfred Russel Wallace

British naturalist who independently developed a theory of evolution by natural selection, similar to Darwin's. His work prompted Darwin to publish his own findings.

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On the Origin of Species

Darwin's groundbreaking book, published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection.

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Variability in Organisms

The idea that individuals within a species exhibit variations in their traits, providing the raw material for natural selection.

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Overproduction of Offspring

The observation that organisms typically produce more offspring than can survive, leading to competition for resources.

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Artificial selection

The process by which humans selectively breed organisms for desirable traits.

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Direct observation of evolutionary change

Observing changes in populations over time, like the evolution of antibiotic resistance or beak size in finches.

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Phylogeny

A branching diagram representing evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Homology

Similarities between organisms due to shared ancestry, even if their functions have diverged.

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Convergent evolution

Similarities between organisms due to similar environments or adaptations, but not shared ancestry.

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Embryology

Studying the development of organisms from embryo to adult, providing insights into evolutionary relationships.

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Vestigial structures

Features in an organism that have lost their original function over time, suggesting evolutionary history.

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Fossil record

The study of fossil remains, providing a record of past life and documenting evolutionary changes over vast time scales.

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Homologous Features

Features that share a common ancestry, but may have different functions and appearances. This concept highlights how organisms with diverse functions can be related through common ancestors.

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Ontogeny

The development of an organism from fertilization to adulthood. It reveals the stages of growth and change.

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Baer's Law

Baer's Law is a concept that describes how general features common to a group appear earlier in development than specialized features that distinguish subgroups.

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Haeckel's Biogenetic Law

Haeckel's theory proposed that an organism's embryonic development reflects its evolutionary history. This idea has been debated and often criticized since its introduction.

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Principle of Recapitulation

This concept argues that the development of an organism (ontogeny) retraces its evolutionary history (phylogeny). While it is inaccurate in a literal sense, it highlights the remarkable similarities between embryonic stages.

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Cervical Fistulae

Persistent pharyngeal slits, or pouches, are remnants of the embryonic stage where they were involved in breathing. They can be present in some individuals as a birth defect.

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Biogeography

The study of the distribution of organisms across different geographical regions.

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Study Notes

Evolution

  • Evolution is the process of descent with modification whereby organisms change over time, producing new species.

Evidence of Evolution

  • Artificial Selection: Humans have used selective breeding to change the characteristics of organisms over time.
  • Direct Observation: Evolutionary change can be seen in organisms over a short period of time. Examples: Darwin's Finches and Peppered Moths.
  • Phylogeny: The evolutionary relationships among organisms. Organisms are grouped by ancestry. Phylogenies show the evolutionary history and connections between organisms.
  • Homology and Convergent Evolution: Homologous structures share a common ancestor and similar evolutionary pathways. Convergent evolution is where similar structures evolve independently in different lineages due to adapting to similar environments.
  • Embryology and Ontogeny: Comparing the early stages of development (embryos) across different species reveals similarities, suggesting common ancestry. Ontogeny (development) can show relationships between phylogeny (evolution).
  • Vestigial Structures: These are structures that have lost their original function over time, but remain in their descendants because of ancestry.
  • Fossil Records: Fossil evidence shows the existence of extinct organisms and their progression over time. Fossils provide a record of life on Earth's history and reveal the sequence of evolution.
  • Biogeography: The study of geographic distribution of organisms. Similar organisms are present in different geographic areas can suggest common ancestry. The distribution of organisms is affected by continental drift and other geological processes.

Additional Concepts

  • Atavism: An evolutionary throwback, a trait reappearing that was previously lost in the lineage but existed in ancestors.
  • Phylogenetic Systematics: Assumptions including evolution, single phylogeny for all life, and character inheritance.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of evolution, including the process of descent with modification and the evidence that supports this theory. This quiz covers concepts like artificial selection, direct observation, phylogeny, homology, and embryology. Test your knowledge of how organisms have changed over time and the connections among species.

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