35 Questions
What is the term for long periods of stasis followed by sudden episodes of speciation?
Punctuated equilibrium
What key genetic process can change phenotype but maintain function?
Polyploidy
What does heterochrony refer to?
Changes in developmental timing or sequence
What is a continuous process that can occur in rapid bursts known as mass extinction events?
Rates of extinction
What occurred when there was an adaptive radiation of mammals?
Speciation + Extinction
What is the term for changes in developmental timing or sequence?
Heterochrony
What key genetic process can change phenotype but maintain function?
Polyploidy
What is the term for changes in the rate of development or growth?
Allometric heterochrony
What controls the rate of speciation?
Both B and C
What key genetic process can change phenotype but maintain function?
Mutation in hox genes
What (might have) occurred to cause the Permian mass extinction event?
A and B
What is the term for long periods of stasis followed by sudden episodes of speciation?
Punctuated equilibrium
What is a key developmental process that can change phenotype but maintain function?
Heterochrony
What is the term for the crown of eukaryotes that underwent rapid divergences?
Protistans
What is the term for a change in the time of appearance of a structure?
Sequence heterochrony
What is a continuous process that can occur in rapid bursts known as mass extinction events?
Rates of extinction
What key genetic process contributes to the diversity of species through changes in organism structure?
Mutation in hox genes
What key factor drives the rate of innovation in the context of speciation?
Combination of mutation, selection, competition, habitat, and generation time
What is the term for the change in the rate of development or growth?
Allometric heterochrony
The three things that impact rates of selection are:
competition among species, available habitat, and generation time
The Cretaceous extinction may have been caused by a meteor.
True
A Mass extinction event is defined as an event in which 30% or more of species are lost.
False
Evolution is defined as:
descent with modification
Natural selection is defined as:
differential reproductive success
What are 3 basic elements of speciation?
all of the above
Natural selection can act on structures currently in place for another use, or it can create features for a needed use.
False
What are the 2 types of heterochrony?
sequence and allometric
Sequence heterochrony is the change in the time of appearance of a structure.
True
Extinction is a continuous process, always occurring at some background rate due to chance and natural selection.
True
Environmental change is not one of the factors that impacts rates of extinction.
False
"Mass Extinction" is when extinction occurs in significant, rapid bursts.
True
Current extinction rates are up to 1,000 times higher than the fossil record.
True
Projected future extinction rates are > 10 times the current extinction rates.
True
How many mass extinction events were indicated in the class lecture?
5
What informs us about mass extinctions that occurred long ago?
information from geology
Study Notes
Speciation and Evolution
- Punctuated equilibrium refers to long periods of stasis followed by sudden episodes of speciation.
- Gene duplication is a key genetic process that can change phenotype but maintain function.
Developmental Biology
- Heterochrony refers to changes in developmental timing or sequence.
- Heterotony refers to changes in the rate of development or growth.
Mass Extinction
- Mass extinction events are periods of significant, rapid extinction, where 30% or more of species are lost.
- Extinction is a continuous process, always occurring at some background rate due to chance and natural selection.
- Environmental change, chance, and natural selection are the three factors that impact rates of extinction.
- Current extinction rates are up to 1,000 times higher than the fossil record.
- Projected future extinction rates are > 10 times the current extinction rates.
Evolutionary Processes
- Adaptive radiation of mammals occurred after the Cretaceous extinction event.
- Evolution is defined as the change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time.
- Natural selection is defined as the process by which the best-adapted individuals in a population are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- The three basic elements of speciation are geographical isolation, genetic change, and reproductive isolation.
Types of Heterochrony
- There are two types of heterochrony: sequence heterochrony and rate heterochrony.
- Sequence heterochrony is the change in the time of appearance of a structure.
Fossil Record and Extinction Events
- The fossil record informs us about mass extinctions that occurred long ago.
- There were 5 mass extinction events indicated in the class lecture.
- The Permian mass extinction event may have been caused by a combination of factors, including a meteor impact.
- The Cretaceous extinction may have been caused by a meteor impact.
Test your knowledge of macroevolution, speciation, and extinction in this quiz. Explore concepts covered in the BSC2010 course and delve into topics relevant to the National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates.
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