NCERT - Evolution- 24-25

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of evolutionary biology?

Study of stars

Formation of galaxies

History of life forms on earth (correct)

The origin of the universe

The Big Bang theory describes the contraction of the universe.

False

Approximately how old is the universe?

20 billion years old

The early Earth lacked an _____ atmosphere.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which gases were released from the molten mass that covered early Earth?

Methane, Ammonia, and Water Vapour Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen and Helium were formed before the universe expanded.

True Signup and view all the answers

What marked the formation of the ozone layer on Earth?

Combination of oxygen with ammonia and methane Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Big Bang Theory = Explains the origin of the universe Galaxies = Clusters of stars and gas/dust Stellar distances = Measured in light years Earth = Formed about 4.5 billion years ago Signup and view all the answers

What idea suggests that life may have originated from outer space?

Panspermia Signup and view all the answers

The theory of spontaneous generation was validated by Louis Pasteur's experiments.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed that life's first forms could have arisen from non-living organic molecules?

Oparin and Haldane Signup and view all the answers

In Miller's experiment, the environment contained _____, H2, NH3, and water vapor.

CH4 Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical theories with their descriptions:

Panspermia = Life came from outer space Spontaneous generation = Life arises from decaying matter Biogenesis = Life comes from pre-existing life Chemical evolution = Formation of organic molecules from inorganic compounds Signup and view all the answers

How long ago did life first appear on Earth?

4 billion years Signup and view all the answers

Miller's experiments demonstrated the formation of amino acids under conditions simulating early Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules did the first non-cellular forms of life likely consist of?

Giant molecules like RNA or proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptive radiation?

The evolution of different species in a given area from a common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's finches are a prime example of convergent evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role do chance events play in evolution?

Chance events contribute to the stochastic nature of evolution, affecting mutation and survival. Signup and view all the answers

Many varieties of finches ___ on the Galapagos Islands.

evolved Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of adaptive radiation with their descriptions:

Darwin's Finches = Evolved on the Galapagos Islands with varied beak shapes Australian marsupials = Diversified rapidly within the Australian continent Placental mammals = Adapted to similar ecological niches as marsupials Convergent evolution = Different species developing similar traits in isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of adaptive radiation?

All terrestrial mammals Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation can occur in both plants and animals within an isolated geographical area.

True Signup and view all the answers

Define convergent evolution in relation to adaptive radiation.

Convergent evolution is when different species evolve similarly due to similar ecological niches, despite having different ancestors. Signup and view all the answers

Around how many years ago did modern Homo sapiens arise?

75,000 years ago Signup and view all the answers

Pre-historic cave art developed about 10,000 years ago.

False Signup and view all the answers

Where can one observe cave paintings by pre-historic humans?

Bhimbetka rock shelter Signup and view all the answers

The study of comparative anatomy provides evidence for _____ .

evolution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Antibiotic resistance = Adaptation of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment Chemical evolution = Formation of biomolecules leading to life Adaptive radiation = Diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches Homology = Similarity due to shared ancestry Signup and view all the answers

What is generally believed to result in variable fitness within a population?

Variations in the population Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of modern man parallels the evolution of human brain and language.

True Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains the process of organic evolution by natural selection?

Darwinian theory Signup and view all the answers

What did Darwin assert about variations in a population?

They allow only the better-adapted individuals to reproduce. Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's observations were fully supported by Darwin's theories of variation and inheritance.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept proposed by Hugo de Vries regarding evolution?

Mutation. Signup and view all the answers

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population remain __________ through generations.

stable Signup and view all the answers

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, what is the sum total of all allelic frequencies in a population?

1 Signup and view all the answers

The concept of saltation, as put forth by de Vries, refers to gradual changes in a species over time.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by genetic equilibrium?

It means that allele frequencies remain constant over generations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mammals is known for living wholly in water?

Dolphin Signup and view all the answers

Australopithecines primarily hunted with stone weapons and had a diet mostly consisting of meat.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the brain capacity of Homo habilis?

650-800cc Signup and view all the answers

The first human-like beings migrated from eastern Africa are part of the genus ______.

Homo Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evolutionary stages with their description:

Homo habilis = First known human-like being Homo erectus = Had a brain capacity around 900cc Neanderthal man = Lived in near east and central Asia Australopithecines = Hunted with stone weapons, primarily ate fruit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the evolution of mammals?

Mammals protected their unborn young inside their bodies. Signup and view all the answers

The fossils of early mammals resemble shrews.

True Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the mingling of mammals from South America and North America?

Continental drift Signup and view all the answers

What change was observed in the moth population from the 1850s to 1920 due to industrialization?

Increase in dark-winged moths Signup and view all the answers

What term did Darwin use to refer to the process by which individuals better suited to their environment survive and reproduce?

Natural Selection Signup and view all the answers

Before industrialization, dark-winged moths were more prevalent because they blended in better with the surroundings.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does lichen play in the context of industrial pollution?

Lichen can be used as indicators of industrial pollution as they do not grow in polluted areas. Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin proposed that all living organisms were created in their current forms without any changes over time.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did Alfred Wallace conclude around the same time as Darwin regarding natural selection?

He came to similar conclusions about the mechanism of evolution through natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

Dark-winged moths survived better in polluted areas because they were able to ______ against the dark background.

camouflage Signup and view all the answers

The concept that all existing life forms share _______ and have common ancestors is central to evolutionary biology.

similarities Signup and view all the answers

Match the periods with their observed moth populations:

1850s = More white-winged moths 1920 = More dark-winged moths Signup and view all the answers

Why did the white-winged moths not survive in the polluted environment?

They were more susceptible to predators Signup and view all the answers

Excessive use of herbicides and pesticides leads to the extinction of all variants.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the theory of evolution?

Life has gradually evolved from simpler forms to complex forms over millions of years. Signup and view all the answers

Darwin stated that variations within a population do not affect survival chances.

False Signup and view all the answers

In areas without industrialization, how did the population of melanic moths compare?

The count of melanic moths was low. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the H.M.S. Beagle voyage in relation to Darwin's theories?

It allowed Darwin to observe a variety of species and gather evidence that supported his ideas on natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept did Hugo de Vries propose regarding changes in species?

Saltation Signup and view all the answers

Darwin believed that mutations were the primary cause of evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used for?

It describes how allele frequencies remain constant in a population over generations. Signup and view all the answers

In genetic equilibrium, the total of all allelic frequencies equals ______.

1 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

Stabilizing selection = Favors average phenotypes Directional selection = Favors one extreme phenotype Disruptive selection = Favors both extreme phenotypes Genetic drift = Random changes in allele frequencies Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation representing the sum of the frequencies of genotypes in a diploid population?

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variation did Darwin primarily focus on?

Small heritable variations Signup and view all the answers

Gene flow only occurs when a section of the population migrates once.

False Signup and view all the answers

Mutations are always beneficial for the population.

False Signup and view all the answers

What process explains how advantageous mutations can result in new phenotypes over generations?

natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic equilibrium mean in a population?

A state where allele frequencies remain stable over generations. Signup and view all the answers

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is disturbed by factors like genetic drift, mutation, and __________.

natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evolutionary concepts with their descriptions:

Gene migration = Movement of alleles between populations Genetic drift = Random changes in allele frequencies Founder effect = Reduced genetic diversity due to founding populations Natural selection = Survival and reproduction based on advantageous traits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?

It results from the migration of a few individuals to a new habitat. Signup and view all the answers

Directional change in natural selection leads to the stabilization of mean character values.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict about allele frequencies in a population?

They remain constant through generations. Signup and view all the answers

Around how many million years ago did jawless fish likely evolve?

350 mya Signup and view all the answers

The first organisms to invade land were animals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What era did the dinosaurs appear during?

Mesozoic era Signup and view all the answers

The ___________ was a giant dinosaur that stood about 20 feet in height.

Tyrannosaurus rex Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their characteristics:

Amphibians = Lay eggs in water Reptiles = Lay thick-shelled eggs Fish = Evolved into amphibians Dinosaurs = Dominated the Mesozoic era Signup and view all the answers

What possible explanations exist for the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs?

Rapid evolution into birds Signup and view all the answers

Coelacanths were thought to be extinct until a catch in 1938 revealed they were still alive.

True Signup and view all the answers

What significant evolutionary step occurred with lobefins?

They evolved into the first amphibians. Signup and view all the answers

During which period did modern Homo sapiens arise?

75,000-10,000 years ago Signup and view all the answers

Cave art developed approximately 18,000 years ago.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the idea that variations in a population can lead to new species and evolution?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Agriculture began around ______ years ago.

10,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of human evolution to their descriptions:

Brain size = Indicates cognitive development Skeletal structure = Reflects bipedalism Dietary preference = Associated with tool usage Communication = Parallel to language evolution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena may accentuate variations in a population?

Genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

The lower brain functions are primarily associated with ______ evolution.

evolution of species Signup and view all the answers

The story of evolution of modern man is unrelated to the evolution of human brain and language.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the similarity in structures due to common ancestry?

Homology Signup and view all the answers

Divergent evolution occurs when different structures evolve to serve similar functions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which types of structures evolve due to similar environmental pressures and serve similar functions?

Analogous structures Signup and view all the answers

Wings of birds and butterflies are examples of __________ structures.

analogous Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their examples:

Homologous Structures = Forelimbs of mammals Analogous Structures = Wings of birds Divergent Evolution = Vertebrate hearts Convergent Evolution = Octopus and mammal eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of convergent evolution?

Similar adaptive features in unrelated species Signup and view all the answers

Homologous structures indicate that two species do not share a recent common ancestor.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do biochemical similarities in proteins and genes indicate in terms of evolution?

Common ancestry Signup and view all the answers

Which formula accurately represents the frequency of heterozygous individuals (Aa) in a population?

2pq Signup and view all the answers

Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the five factors known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

The probability of an allele appearing on both chromosomes of a diploid individual is represented as _____.

p² Signup and view all the answers

Match the evolutionary processes with their definitions:

Gene migration = Movement of alleles between populations Natural selection = Survival and reproduction of the fittest Genetic drift = Random changes in allele frequency Founder effect = Reduced genetic diversity due to a small founding population Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state about allele frequencies in a population?

They remain constant over generations in the absence of evolutionary forces. Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can result in both stabilization and disruption of traits in a population.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when pre-existing advantageous mutations are selected through natural selection?

Observation of new phenotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of evolution according to Darwinian theory?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Fitness refers to an individual's ability to produce offspring that can survive and reproduce.

True Signup and view all the answers

What process allows for the appearance of new species from a variant population in a bacterial colony?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The life cycle of microbes allows them to multiply quickly, leading to ____ individuals within hours.

millions Signup and view all the answers

Match the organism to its corresponding life span characteristics:

Bacteria = Days to weeks Fish = Years to decades Birds = Years Mammals = Years to over a century Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'fitness' in an ecological context?

Adaptability to environmental changes Signup and view all the answers

Convergent evolution describes how unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

True Signup and view all the answers

What leads to a variant population outgrowing others in a bacterial colony?

Change in medium composition Signup and view all the answers

What caused the increase in dark-winged moths after industrialization?

They were able to camouflage against the darkened tree trunks. Signup and view all the answers

Before industrialization, dark-winged moths were more common due to better camouflage.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms were likely the first to invade land?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

Jawless fish evolved around 350 million years ago.

True Signup and view all the answers

What ecological indicator can lichens serve as?

Lichens can serve as indicators of industrial pollution. Signup and view all the answers

The theory that explains how species adapt and survive in changing environments is called __________.

evolution by natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What did the first amphibians evolve from?

Lobefins Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of moths with their survival conditions:

White-winged moths = Thrived in areas with light-colored lichen Dark-winged moths = Survived in areas with dark tree trunks Melanic moths = Increased in population due to better camouflage Polluted areas = Fostered survival of dark-winged moths Signup and view all the answers

The largest dinosaur known is the ______.

Tyrannosaurus rex Signup and view all the answers

In which decade was the significant change in moth populations observed?

1920s Signup and view all the answers

What is one theory regarding the disappearance of dinosaurs?

Climatic changes led to their extinction. Signup and view all the answers

The existence of herbicide-resistant varieties is an example of evolution occurring over centuries.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to moth populations in areas unaffected by industrialization?

The count of melanic moths is low. Signup and view all the answers

Fish with stout and strong fins could not move on land.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the modern-day descendants of reptiles?

Turtles, tortoises, and crocodiles Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation can only occur among animals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one animal that illustrates adaptive radiation.

Darwin's finches Signup and view all the answers

The process by which organisms evolve to fill different ecological niches is called __________.

adaptive radiation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates convergent evolution?

Australian marsupials developing similar traits to placental mammals. Signup and view all the answers

Chance mutations play a significant role in evolution.

True Signup and view all the answers

What kind of features did Darwin's finches originally have?

Seed-eating features Signup and view all the answers

What significant event does the Big Bang theory describe?

The expansion of the universe Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen and Helium were the first gases to form after the Big Bang.

True Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many years ago was Earth formed?

4.5 billion years ago Signup and view all the answers

The process through which lighter gases escaped from early Earth's atmosphere was called _____ .

degassing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gases released from early Earth with their effects:

Methane = Contributed to greenhouse effect Carbon Dioxide = Facilitated photosynthesis development Water Vapor = Led to the formation of oceans Ammonia = Provided nitrogen for early life Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ozone layer that formed on early Earth?

It blocked harmful UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

The universe is approximately 4.5 billion years old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What primary process resulted in the formation of galaxies after the Big Bang?

Gravitation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists is associated with the theory of spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur Signup and view all the answers

The theory of panspermia suggests that life originated from Earth itself.

False Signup and view all the answers

What significant condition did S.L. Miller create in his laboratory experiment to simulate the early Earth environment?

Electric discharge Signup and view all the answers

Life is believed to have first appeared on Earth about ______ years ago.

4 billion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their respective descriptions:

Panspermia = Idea that life originated from outer space Spontaneous Generation = Disproven theory that life arises from decaying matter Chemical Evolution = Formation of organic molecules from inorganic constituents Miller's Experiment = Demonstrated amino acid formation under early Earth conditions Signup and view all the answers

What compounds did S.L. Miller use in his experiment?

CH4, H2, NH3, H2O Signup and view all the answers

The first cellular forms of life originated around 2 billion years ago.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who were the two scientists that proposed the idea of life arising from pre-existing non-living organic molecules?

Oparin and Haldane Signup and view all the answers

What term did Darwin use to describe the mechanism by which individuals better suited to their environment survive and reproduce?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin believed that species have remained unchanged since their creation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant development that occurred around 10,000 years ago?

Development of agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Homo sapiens originated in Europe.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did Alfred Wallace conclude about the origins of species around the same time as Darwin?

He concluded that species evolve through natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

Lichens can grow in polluted areas.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one site where pre-historic cave paintings can be observed.

Bhimbetka rock shelter Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin, the fitness of an individual ultimately refers to its __________ fitness.

reproductive Signup and view all the answers

The theory suggesting that variations in a population result in __________ fitness is a key component of evolutionary biology.

variable Signup and view all the answers

What happens to moth populations in areas of industrialization according to the observations made?

The population of dark-winged moths increases while the white-winged moths decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evolutionary terms with their definitions:

Homology = The idea of branching descent in evolution Adaptive Radiation = Diversification of a species into different forms based on habitat Genetic Drift = Random changes in allele frequencies in a population Natural Selection = Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a characteristic of the theory of special creation?

Diversity of species has remained constant since creation. Signup and view all the answers

In areas without industrialization, the count of __________ moths is low.

melanic Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon may lead to the appearance of new species?

Genetic drift and habitat fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of moths with their adaptation strategy:

White-winged moth = Survived in clean environments Dark-winged moth = Survived in polluted environments Signup and view all the answers

Life forms on Earth have always evolved to become more complex over time.

True Signup and view all the answers

The study of fossils provides no evidence for evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary process occurred due to industrialization according to the presented observations?

Natural selection favoring camouflage Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin, variation within a population is essential for natural selection; these variations will lead to __________ survival in various environments.

increased Signup and view all the answers

The evolution process due to anthropogenic action occurs over centuries.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is considered significant to the evolution of modern humans?

The evolution of the human brain and language Signup and view all the answers

What is one indicator of industrial pollution according to the information provided?

Lichens Signup and view all the answers

What did Darwin propose about heritable variations in a population?

They lead to survival and reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

Hugo de Vries believed that minor variations were sufficient to cause evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A principle stating that allele frequencies in a population remain stable from generation to generation. Signup and view all the answers

The sum total of all allelic frequencies in a population is equal to ______.

1 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Darwin's viewpoint on evolution?

Evolution occurs gradually through the accumulation of small variations. Signup and view all the answers

The Hardy-Weinberg principle can be used to calculate allele frequencies in a stable population.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the concept of mutations as a primary driver of evolution?

Hugo de Vries Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is described by the Big Bang theory?

A massive explosion leading to the expansion of the universe Signup and view all the answers

The first non-cellular forms of life are believed to have originated from simple organic molecules.

True Signup and view all the answers

What did the ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun contribute to the early Earth environment?

They broke water into hydrogen and oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

The universe is estimated to be approximately _____ years old.

20 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the early Earth's atmosphere?

Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Stars visible on a clear night provide a glimpse into the present time.

False Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long ago was the Earth formed?

4.5 billion years Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism did Darwin propose as a means of evolution?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Alfred Wallace developed a different theory of evolution from Darwin's.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the reproductive success of an individual in its environment?

fitness Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin conducted significant research during his voyage on the __________.

H.M.S. Beagle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the idea that life forms share similarities with life forms that existed millions of years ago?

Descent with modification Signup and view all the answers

What historical event significantly influenced the biodiversity observed on Earth?

Extinction events Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of special creation, all living organisms were created in their current form.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of evolution is indicated by similar structures in different organisms due to common ancestry?

Divergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

Analogous structures are a result of divergent evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of analogous structures in animals.

Wings of birds and butterflies Signup and view all the answers

The study of biochemical similarities among diverse organisms suggests a shared __________.

ancestry Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of homology in plants?

Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can create new breeds of plants and animals over time.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Homologous structures have a common ancestry while analogous structures arise from convergent evolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of evolution described by Darwin's theory?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Fitness in evolutionary terms only refers to the physical strength of an organism.

False Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the appearance of new species from a population under changed environmental conditions?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Under new conditions, a population's ability to survive is determined by its inherent _____ traits.

variations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms generally evolves faster due to quicker life cycles?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inherited characteristics that contribute to an organism's fitness?

Adaptive traits Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of new species can occur within days in organisms with short life spans.

True Signup and view all the answers

What group of mammals were among the first to inhabit the earth and resembled shrews?

Mammals Signup and view all the answers

The Neanderthal man had a brain size larger than modern humans.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the first human-like being known as Homo habilis?

Homo habilis Signup and view all the answers

About 15 million years ago, primates called _ and _ existed.

Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mammal types with their characteristics:

Whales = Live wholly in water Dolphins = Marine mammals Seals = Aquatic carnivorous mammals Pouched mammals = Survived due to lack of competition Signup and view all the answers

Which mammal is believed to have evolved approximately 1.5 million years ago?

Homo erectus Signup and view all the answers

The first mammals lived only on land.

False Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterized the environment that allowed pouched mammals in Australia to survive?

Lack of competition Signup and view all the answers

Where can prehistoric cave paintings by humans be observed?

Bhimbetka rock shelter Signup and view all the answers

Homo sapiens first appeared in Asia.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to precede the appearance of the first cellular forms of life?

Chemical evolution Signup and view all the answers

Modern Homo sapiens arose during the __________ between 75,000 to 10,000 years ago.

Ice age Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of human evolution with their significance:

Brain size = Cognitive abilities and problem-solving Skeletal structure = Adaptation to bipedalism Dietary preference = Impact on survival and lifestyle Language = Facilitation of complex communication Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the gradual changes and diversification of species over time?

Adaptive radiation Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation can occur only in animal species.

False Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon may lead to the appearance of new species in a population?

Habitat fragmentation and genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

What was observed in the moth population in the 1850s?

More white-winged moths than dark-winged moths Signup and view all the answers

Industrial pollution led to an increase in the population of white-winged moths in the area observed.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role do lichens play in the context of environmental pollution?

Lichens are used as indicators of industrial pollution as they do not grow in polluted areas. Signup and view all the answers

After industrialization, the trees became dark due to _____ and soots.

industrial smoke Signup and view all the answers

Match the following moth types with their survival conditions:

White-winged moth = Survived in polluted areas Dark-winged moth = Survived in unpolluted areas Lichens = Indicate polluted areas Predators = Selectively hunt visible moths Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the evolutionary impact of pesticides and herbicides?

They cause rapid selection of resistant varieties. Signup and view all the answers

Melanic moths were more prevalent in rural areas after industrialization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributed to the survival of the dark-winged moths after industrialization?

Camouflage against the darkened tree trunks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which individuals better suited to their environment survive and reproduce?

natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe structures that are similar due to shared ancestry?

Homology Signup and view all the answers

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the sum total of all allelic frequencies in a population is equal to ________.

1 Signup and view all the answers

Analogous structures develop from common ancestry.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes mutations according to Hugo de Vries?

They are random and directionless. Signup and view all the answers

Name an example of divergent evolution in plants.

Thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita Signup and view all the answers

Wings of butterflies and birds are examples of __________ structures.

analogous Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection leads to variations that are non-heritable.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genetic equilibrium' refer to?

A stable state where allele frequencies remain constant across generations. Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary concept explains the adaptation of different organisms to similar environments?

Convergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

The forelimbs of vertebrates such as humans and whales are considered analogous structures.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does homology indicate in terms of evolutionary relationships?

Common ancestry Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation representing the Hardy-Weinberg principle for alleles in a population?

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Signup and view all the answers

Genetic drift occurs due to chance changes in allele frequency in a population.

True Signup and view all the answers

Identify one of the five factors that affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The change in allele frequency that occurs when small groups of a population migrate and establish a new population is referred to as the __________ effect.

founder Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors affecting allele frequencies with their descriptions:

Gene migration = Movement of alleles between populations Natural selection = Favoring certain traits that enhance survival Genetic drift = Random changes in allele frequencies Mutation = Introduction of new genetic variations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes natural selection?

It enables individuals with beneficial traits to reproduce more successfully. Signup and view all the answers

Directional change in natural selection results in more individuals acquiring values that are different from the mean character value.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of combining variation due to mutation and natural selection over several generations?

Speciation Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's finches evolved from various ancestors into distinctly different species on the Galapagos Islands.

True Signup and view all the answers

What did Darwin observe about the finches on the Galapagos Islands?

He noted their diversity and the evolution of different beak shapes adapted to various food sources. Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation occurs in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally __________ to other areas of geography.

radiating Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples of adaptive radiation with their descriptions:

Darwin’s Finches = Evolved different beak types for various diets Australian marsupials = Different marsupials evolved from an ancestral stock in Australia Placental mammals = Evolved similar forms to marsupials in response to similar ecological niches Hawaiian honeycreepers = Diverse bird species evolved from a common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes convergent evolution?

Evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environments. Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation can occur only in animals, not in plants.

False Signup and view all the answers

The process of evolution in organisms is influenced by chance events and __________.

mutation Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic was common among the first mammals?

They were viviparous. Signup and view all the answers

Homo habilis had a brain capacity of around 900cc.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the primates that existed about 15 million years ago and walked upright?

Dryopithecus Signup and view all the answers

The Neanderthal man lived in near east and central Asia between _____ years ago.

100,000 and 40,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hominid species with their characteristics:

Homo habilis = First human-like being Homo erectus = Used tools and possibly ate meat Neanderthal man = Had a brain capacity of 1400cc Australopithecines = Lived in East African grasslands Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that pouched mammals of Australia survived?

Lack of competition from other mammals. Signup and view all the answers

Primates like Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus are considered direct ancestors of modern humans.

False Signup and view all the answers

What kind of ancestors are found in fossils discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania?

Hominid features Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to have played a role in the production of oxygen by early cells?

Photosynthesis involving the splitting of water Signup and view all the answers

What type of eggs do reptiles lay that help them survive on land?

Thick-shelled eggs Signup and view all the answers

The ________ was once thought to be extinct but was caught in 1938 in South Africa.

Coelacanth Signup and view all the answers

What is one hypothesis for the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs?

Climatic changes or evolution into birds Signup and view all the answers

Pteridophytes are believed to have fallen into coal deposits as their remnants.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fish with stout fins were able to move onto land around ________ million years ago.

350 Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributed to the survival of dark-winged moths after industrialization?

Better camouflage against darkened tree trunks Signup and view all the answers

The white-winged moths were more abundant than dark-winged moths after industrialization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptive radiation refer to?

The evolution of different species from a common ancestor in a given geographical area. Signup and view all the answers

The process observed in moth populations due to environmental changes is an example of _____ by anthropogenic action.

evolution Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation can occur only in animals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a famous example of adaptive radiation discussed in the content?

Darwin's Finches Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impact of industrialization on moth populations?

Dark-winged moths became dominant due to camouflage. Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation in Australia includes various types of _____ that evolved from a single ancestral stock.

marsupials Signup and view all the answers

All variants of moths were wiped out after industrialization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of chance events in the process of evolution?

They play a critical role in mutation and variation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in resistant organisms when herbicides or antibiotics are used?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Convergent evolution results in species becoming more dissimilar over time.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial condition of Earth when it was formed?

It had no atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of changing habitats in adaptive radiation?

Changing habitats create new ecological niches that species can adapt to, leading to diversification. Signup and view all the answers

The Big Bang theory explains the contraction of the universe.

False Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many billion years ago did Earth form?

4.5 Signup and view all the answers

Gases like _ and _ formed early in the universe after the Big Bang.

Hydrogen, Helium Signup and view all the answers

What process contributed to the formation of the ozone layer on early Earth?

Breaking down of water by UV rays Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their role in the early Earth's atmosphere:

Water Vapour = Contributed to the formation of oceans Methane = A greenhouse gas Carbon Dioxide = Provided a carbon source for early life Ammonia = Reacted with other gases Signup and view all the answers

The universe is estimated to be around 20 million years old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did the process of gravitational condensation lead to in the universe?

Formation of galaxies Signup and view all the answers

Alfred Wallace independently arrived at similar conclusions regarding evolution as Charles Darwin.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'fitness' in the context of natural selection?

Reproductive fitness. Signup and view all the answers

The first life forms were believed to have originated in a _____ environment.

water Signup and view all the answers

Match the evolutionary concepts with their key characteristics:

Natural Selection = Mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin Common Ancestors = Life forms share similarities because they descended from shared predecessors Extinction = The dying out of species over time Evolution = Gradual development of life forms over time Signup and view all the answers

What basic principle does Darwin's theory of evolution emphasize?

New life forms arise through natural processes. Signup and view all the answers

The geological history of Earth is independent of its biological history.

False Signup and view all the answers

What observation did Charles Darwin make during his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle?

He observed that existing life forms share similarities with ancient life forms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship expressed by $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$?

The allele frequencies of AA, Aa, and aa in a population Signup and view all the answers

Genetic drift can lead to significant changes in allele frequencies within a population by chance events.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the five factors that can disturb Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to _____ in allele frequencies.

genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a situation when individuals with a mean character value have higher reproductive success?

Stabilizing selection Signup and view all the answers

Allele frequencies of a population remain constant unless affected by evolutionary forces.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of advantageous mutations over generations?

speciation Signup and view all the answers

What caused the shift in moth populations observed from the 1850s to the 1920s?

Industrial pollution altering tree bark color Signup and view all the answers

Lichens can survive in areas with high levels of industrial pollution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What color of moth was more prevalent before industrialization?

white-winged moths Signup and view all the answers

The moths that survived better during the industrial period were the __________ moths.

dark-winged Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their effects on moth populations:

Industrial Pollution = Increased dark-winged moth prevalence Clear Trees = Higher survival of white-winged moths Predator Presence = Selects against visible moths Lichens on Trees = Background for moth camouflage Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excess use of herbicides and pesticides?

Rapid emergence of resistant varieties Signup and view all the answers

In areas unaffected by industrialization, the count of dark-winged moths was high.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a unique event in the history of the universe?

Origin of life Signup and view all the answers

How do predators influence moth population dynamics?

Predators spot moths against contrasting backgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe began with a dramatic contraction.

False Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how old is Earth?

4.5 billion years Signup and view all the answers

The early Earth had no _____ atmosphere.

stable Signup and view all the answers

Which gases contributed to the early atmospheric conditions of Earth?

Methane, Ammonia, Water Vapour Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their roles in the formation of the early atmosphere:

Water Vapour = Hydrolyzed to form Hydrogen and Oxygen Methane = Contributed to the greenhouse effect Carbon Dioxide = Absorbed UV radiation Ammonia = Combined with Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What does the observation of stars allow us to do?

Look back in time Signup and view all the answers

The ozone layer was formed shortly after the Earth developed an atmosphere.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driving force behind evolution according to Darwinian theory?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Microbes have a slower reproductive cycle compared to that of fish or fowls.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes how certain species become more prevalent under changed environmental conditions?

Fitness Signup and view all the answers

Nature selects for ______________ based on inherited characteristics.

fitness Signup and view all the answers

How quickly can a variant population of bacteria adapt and appear as new species under favorable conditions?

Within days Signup and view all the answers

The life span of animals like fish or fowl is often measured in days.

False Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the outgrowth of populations that can survive under new medium conditions?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state about the sum total of all allelic frequencies in a population?

It remains constant at 1 Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can cause stabilisation, directional change, or disruption in a population's traits.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the frequency of heterozygous individuals (Aa) in a population?

2pq Signup and view all the answers

The effect called the ______ occurs when a small group becomes isolated and creates a new population.

founder effect Signup and view all the answers

Match the evolutionary factors with their descriptions:

Gene flow = Movement of alleles between populations Genetic drift = Random changes in allele frequencies Mutation = Change in the DNA sequence Natural selection = Survival of the fittest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Genetic equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Mutation plays no significant role in evolutionary change.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hugo de Vries proposed that speciation occurs through gradual mutations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What concept addresses the stability of allele frequencies in a population?

Hardy-Weinberg principle Signup and view all the answers

Explain how gene flow can impact a population's allele frequencies.

Gene flow introduces new alleles into a population, changing allele frequencies. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the sum total of all allelic frequencies is __________.

1 Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic equilibrium indicate about a population?

The gene pool remains constant Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's concept of evolution was based on gradual changes within populations.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the process by which individuals better suited to their environment survive and reproduce?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the brain size of Neanderthal man?

1400cc Signup and view all the answers

Homo habilis is considered the first human-like being.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of mammals survived in Australia due to lack of competition?

Pouched mammals Signup and view all the answers

The primates called ______ were existing about 15 million years ago.

Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hominid species with their descriptions:

Homo habilis = First human-like being with a brain capacity of 650-800cc Homo erectus = Lived about 1.5 million years ago with a brain capacity of 900cc Neanderthal man = Lived between 100,000-40,000 years ago with a brain size of 1400cc Australopithecines = Hunted with stone weapons and primarily ate fruit Signup and view all the answers

The fossils of early mammals resemble reptiles more than any other species.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the discovery of fossils in Java in 1891?

It revealed the existence of Homo erectus. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes structures that are similar due to common ancestry?

Homologous structures Signup and view all the answers

Divergent evolution results in structures that serve the same function but are anatomically different.

False Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of analogous structures.

Wings of butterfly and birds Signup and view all the answers

The wings of a butterfly and a bird are examples of __________ structures.

analogous Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pairs with their correct descriptions:

Humerus and radius = Homologous structures in forelimbs Flippers of dolphins and penguins = Analogous structures Tendrils of Cucurbita = Example of homology in plants Eyes of octopus and mammals = Example of analogy Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that two different organisms may share a common ancestor?

Homologous structures Signup and view all the answers

Analogous structures arise from divergent evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What biochemical evidence supports common ancestry among diverse organisms?

Similarities in proteins and genes Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that life could have originated from non-living organic molecules?

Chemical evolution Signup and view all the answers

Louis Pasteur's experiments supported the theory of spontaneous generation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence does the study of fossils provide for evolution?

Paleontological evidence Signup and view all the answers

Embryos of all vertebrates develop a row of functional gill slits.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who created artificial conditions in the laboratory to demonstrate the formation of amino acids?

S.L. Miller Signup and view all the answers

Name one method used to calculate the ages of fossils.

Radioactive dating Signup and view all the answers

The first non-cellular forms of life were likely made of _____ such as RNA and proteins.

giant molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental conditions were present during Miller's experiment?

High temperature, volcanic storms, and a reducing atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

The study of ________ shows similarities and differences among organisms and helps understand their evolutionary relationships.

comparative anatomy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical theories or ideas related to the origin of life with their descriptions:

Spontaneous generation = Life arises from decaying matter Panspermia = Life comes from outer space Chemical evolution = Formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents Pasteur's experiment = Demonstrated life comes only from pre-existing life Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of evidence for evolution with their descriptions:

Fossil Evidence = Remains of life forms found in sedimentary layers Embryological Evidence = Common features in embryos of different vertebrates Comparative Anatomy = Similarities in anatomical structures among species Molecular Evidence = Genetic similarities among different organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fossils is true?

Fossilized remains can provide evidence of extinct organisms. Signup and view all the answers

The concept of Panspermia suggests that life originated solely on Earth.

False Signup and view all the answers

Karl Ernst von Baer supported the idea that embryos of vertebrates pass through stages of adult forms of other animals.

False Signup and view all the answers

In the early Earth, the atmosphere contained gases like CH4, NH3, and _____ which were essential for early life formation.

H2 Signup and view all the answers

What is one feature that vertebrate embryos share during their early development?

Vestigial gill slits Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism did Darwin propose to explain evolution?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin's observations were made during his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability of individuals and populations to survive better in their environment?

fitness Signup and view all the answers

Darwin implied that those individuals who are better suited to their environment are more likely to __________.

reproduce Signup and view all the answers

Match the theorists with their contributions to the theory of evolution:

Charles Darwin = Natural selection as a mechanism of evolution Alfred Wallace = Conclusions similar to Darwin's on natural selection Gregory Mendel = Principles of inheritance Jean-Baptiste Lamarck = Acquired characteristics theory Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the evolution of different species from a common ancestor in a specific geographical area?

Adaptive radiation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the theory of special creation?

All living organisms were created as they are today. Signup and view all the answers

The process of evolution is primarily a deterministic system governing the development of species.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the examples of adaptive radiation mentioned in the content.

Darwin's finches Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of evolution, species remain unchanged throughout time.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which naturalist is known for conducting similar research to Darwin around the same time?

Alfred Wallace Signup and view all the answers

Darwin’s finches transformed from seed-eating birds to other forms such as insectivorous and __________ finches.

vegetarian Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when similar adaptive traits evolve independently in different species?

Convergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their adaptations:

Darwin’s Finches = Varied beak shapes for different food sources Australian marsupials = Different forms evolved from a common ancestor Placental wolves = Mimicking marsupial wolves in adaptation Insects on isolated islands = Adapting to specific ecological niches Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation can only occur in animal species.

False Signup and view all the answers

The original seed-eating features of Darwin's finches evolved due to __________ events and mutations.

chance Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to have preceded the appearance of the first cellular forms of life?

Chemical evolution Signup and view all the answers

Homo sapiens originated in Europe before spreading to other continents.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the phenomenon where variations in a population result in different fitness levels?

variable fitness Signup and view all the answers

The Bhimbetka rock shelter is known for its ______ art developed by pre-historic humans.

cave Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of human evolution with their descriptions:

Brain size = Increased cognitive abilities Skeletal structure = Adaptations for bipedalism Dietary preference = Transition from foraging to agriculture Language = Development of complex communication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes adaptive radiation?

Rapid evolution of different species from a common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

The theory of organic evolution is based solely on random chance.

False Signup and view all the answers

What evidence do comparative anatomy, fossils, and comparative biochemistry provide?

Evidence for evolution Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that life may have originated from outer space?

Panspermia Signup and view all the answers

Louis Pasteur's experiments confirmed the theory of spontaneous generation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules is believed to have constituted the first non-cellular forms of life?

RNA and proteins Signup and view all the answers

In Miller's experiment, amino acids were formed under conditions simulating early Earth's atmosphere, which included gases like CH4, H2, NH3 and ______.

water vapor Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientists with their contributions related to the origins of life:

Louis Pasteur = Disproved spontaneous generation S.L. Miller = Created amino acids in laboratory conditions Oparin and Haldane = Proposed life from organic molecules Early Greek thinkers = Speculated on spores from outer space Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions was NOT associated with the early Earth?

Presence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

The first cellular forms of life are believed to have occurred roughly 3.5 billion years ago.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the main result of Miller's experiment?

Formation of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What term describes structures in different species that have similar anatomy but serve different functions due to different evolutionary pressures?

Homologous structures Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of analogous structures.

Wings of birds and wings of butterflies. Signup and view all the answers

The presence of similar ______ in different organisms can indicate a shared ancestry.

structures Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their corresponding terms:

Wings of bats = Homologous structures Eyes of octopus = Analogous structures Flippers of dolphins = Homologous structures Thorns of Bougainvillea = Homologous structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes convergent evolution?

Different species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. Signup and view all the answers

Homology is based on similar functions of unrelated structures.

False Signup and view all the answers

What can biochemical similarities among diverse organisms suggest?

Common ancestry. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories suggests that existing living forms share similarities with life forms that existed millions of years ago?

Theory of Biogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Darwin proposed that fitness refers to physical strength in an individual.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of evolution described by Darwin?

Natural Selection Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the theory of natural selection along with Alfred Wallace?

Charles Darwin Signup and view all the answers

Microbes can evolve into new species within days when environmental conditions change.

True Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection leads to the survival of those individuals most suited to their _____ environment.

natural Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inherited traits that determine the survival of a species under new environmental conditions?

fitness Signup and view all the answers

What term did Darwin use for the process by which individuals better suited to their environment survive and reproduce?

Natural Selection Signup and view all the answers

The fitness of a population is determined by characteristics that are __________.

inherited Signup and view all the answers

Darwin believed that all living organisms were created in their current form.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of organism with its rate of reproduction:

Bacteria = Fast Fish = Moderate Birds = Long Mammals = Very Long Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a population when its environment changes and only some variants can survive?

New species can emerge. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism did Darwin propose as a way of explaining the evolution of species?

Natural Selection Signup and view all the answers

The life span of organisms affects the rate at which they can evolve into new forms.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that allows nature to select traits that enhance survival and reproduction?

natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mammals are examples of species that live predominantly in water?

Dolphins Signup and view all the answers

Ramapithecus was a more ape-like primate than Dryopithecus.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the brain capacity range of Homo habilis?

650-800cc Signup and view all the answers

The first human-like beings that migrated from eastern Africa belong to the genus ______.

Homo Signup and view all the answers

Match the following early human species with their characteristics:

Homo habilis = First human-like being Homo erectus = Lived around 1.5 million years ago Neanderthal = Had a brain size of 1400cc and used hides Australopithecines = Hunted with stone weapons and primarily ate fruit Signup and view all the answers

What major event allowed North American fauna to override South American mammals?

Continental drift Signup and view all the answers

Neanderthals were known to have buried their dead.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which mammal is known for its viviparous nature, protecting unborn young inside the mother's body?

Mammals Signup and view all the answers

What major event occurred between 75,000-10,000 years ago in human evolution?

The rise of modern Homo sapiens Signup and view all the answers

Cave paintings by prehistoric humans were developed around 18,000 years ago.

True Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the appearance of new species as a result of variations in populations?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The Bhimbetka rock shelter, famous for its prehistoric cave art, is located in __________.

Madhya Pradesh Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena can lead to variations in a population aside from natural selection?

Genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation refers only to the evolution of plants in isolated geographical areas.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one major factor that plays a role in the evolution of species according to Darwinian theory.

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The universe is estimated to be approximately 4.5 billion years old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains the origin of the universe?

Big Bang theory Signup and view all the answers

The gases released from the molten mass of early Earth included water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, and __________.

ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their significance in the origin of life:

Hydrogen = First element formed after the Big Bang Helium = Second element formed after the Big Bang Ozone layer = Protection against UV radiation Water = Essential for life as we know it Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the early atmosphere of Earth?

Presence of volcanic gases Signup and view all the answers

The light from stars allows us to see objects in the present time.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of evidence that indicates the evolution of life forms on Earth?

Fossils Signup and view all the answers

Radioactive dating is used to calculate the ages of fossils.

True Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical similarities do whales, bats, cheetahs, and humans share?

Similar patterns of bones in their forelimbs Signup and view all the answers

The concept of _____ evidence encompasses the study of fossils and their distribution in sedimentary layers.

paleontological Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of evidence with their descriptions:

Fossils = Remains of ancient life found in rocks Embryological evidence = Common features observed during embryonic stages of vertebrates Comparative anatomy = Study of similarities and differences in body structures Vestigial structures = Organs that are functional in some species but not in others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the finding of similar embryonic structures in vertebrates?

They indicate a shared evolutionary ancestor Signup and view all the answers

Karl Ernst von Baer supported Ernst Heckel's proposal regarding embryological support for evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe features that are common in embryos but absent in adults of certain vertebrates?

Vestigial structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT a key aspect of Darwinian Theory of Evolution?

Use and disuse of organs Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive ability is inherited and has a genetic basis.

True Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains the increase of dark-winged moths after industrialization?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

White-winged moths were able to camouflage themselves effectively against polluted tree trunks.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does competition for resources play in natural selection?

It determines which individuals survive and reproduce. Signup and view all the answers

What role do lichens play in relation to industrial pollution?

Indicators of pollution Signup and view all the answers

In the concept of ___, only some organisms in a population survive and reproduce due to varying characteristics.

natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The dark-winged moths survived better in polluted environments due to their ability to __________.

camouflage Signup and view all the answers

Match the following naturalists with their contributions to evolutionary theory:

Charles Darwin = Proposed natural selection Jean-Baptiste Lamarck = Proposed use and disuse of organs Thomas Malthus = Influenced Darwin with ideas about population growth Alfred Russel Wallace = Co-developed the theory of natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique of Lamarck's theory of evolution?

It suggests traits acquired during an individual's life can be inherited. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following moth types with their respective environments:

White-winged moth = Unpolluted area Dark-winged moth = Polluted area Signup and view all the answers

Modern evolutionary theory accepts that evolution occurs only through natural selection.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms were the first to invade land?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

What effect did industrial smoke have on tree trunks, affecting moth survival?

Darkened their color Signup and view all the answers

The Coelacanth was thought to be extinct until it was found in 1938.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary result of adaptive ability in organisms?

Increased fitness in a particular environment. Signup and view all the answers

No variants of moths were completely wiped out after industrialization.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of eggs do reptiles lay that do not dry up in the sun?

thick-shelled eggs Signup and view all the answers

The increase in resistant varieties of organisms due to pesticide use occurs in a time scale of __________.

months or years Signup and view all the answers

The biggest dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex, was about _____ feet in height.

20 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evolutionary groups to their descriptions:

Amphibians = Ancestor of modern frogs and salamanders Reptiles = Laid thick-shelled eggs Dinosaurs = Dominated the earth before extinction Fish = Lobefins evolved into these creatures Signup and view all the answers

What might have caused the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs 65 million years ago?

Climatic changes Signup and view all the answers

Small-sized reptiles from the era of dinosaurs still exist today.

True Signup and view all the answers

Around how many million years ago did jawless fish evolve?

350 Signup and view all the answers

What was the brain capacity of Homo erectus?

900 cc Signup and view all the answers

Mammals primarily laid eggs instead of giving birth to live young.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the first human-like being that had a brain capacity between 650-800 cc.

Homo habilis Signup and view all the answers

The evolutionary history of man's brain shows an increase in capacity from Homo habilis to __________.

Homo erectus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mammals is known for living entirely in water?

Dolphins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mammalian species with their characteristics:

Whales = Live wholly in water Pouched mammals = Survived in Australia due to lack of competition Homo erectus = Had a larger brain capacity of around 900 cc Neanderthal man = Used hides and buried their dead Signup and view all the answers

Australopithecines primarily hunted with stone weapons and had a diet largely composed of meat.

False Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Ramapithecus from Dryopithecus?

Ramapithecus was more man-like while Dryopithecus was more ape-like. Signup and view all the answers

What theory proposed that life could originate from decay and rotting matter?

Spontaneous Generation Signup and view all the answers

Louis Pasteur proved that life can come from pre-existing life.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the idea that the first life forms could have arisen from non-living organic molecules?

Oparin and Haldane Signup and view all the answers

Miller's experiment simulated conditions of early Earth using CH4, H2, NH3, and _____ vapor.

water Signup and view all the answers

What did Miller observe in his experiment that indicated chemical evolution?

Formation of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

The first cellular forms of life are believed to have originated around 3 billion years ago.

False Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the idea that similar processes of chemical evolution are occurring in space?

Analysis of meteorite content revealing organic compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that life-forms have varied over time?

Fossil records across sedimentary layers Signup and view all the answers

Embryos of all vertebrates develop functional gill slits as adults.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the evidence that links different species based on their anatomical similarities?

Comparative anatomy Signup and view all the answers

The process of determining the age of fossils using radioactive decay is known as __________ dating.

radioactive Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is a common embryonic trait among vertebrates?

Presence of gill slits Signup and view all the answers

Karl Ernst von Baer supported Ernst Heckel's proposal about embryological evidence for evolution.

False Signup and view all the answers

What common feature is shared by mammals like whales, bats, and humans?

Similar bone structure in forelimbs Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the rapid appearance of new species among bacteria when environmental conditions change?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Microbes that have longer life cycles are able to multiply faster than those with shorter life cycles.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'fitness' in the context of natural selection?

Fitness refers to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a population to outgrow others under new environmental conditions demonstrates _____ selection.

natural Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of organism with its characteristic evolutionary speed:

Bacteria = Rapid evolution due to fast division Fish = Slow evolution over millions of years Birds = Moderate evolution depending on lifespan Mammals = Slow evolution due to longer life spans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects Darwinian theory?

Species evolve based on inherited characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

The fitness of a population depends solely on genetic mutations that occur randomly.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a bacterial colony when the medium composition changes?

The variant population that can survive in the new conditions will outgrow the others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept demonstrated by the presence of homologous structures in different species?

Common ancestry Signup and view all the answers

Homology refers to structures that share a similar ______ but may have different functions.

anatomical structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of divergent evolution?

Human and whale forelimbs Signup and view all the answers

Biochemical similarities among organisms provide clues to common ancestry.

True Signup and view all the answers

What process allows humans to create new breeds of plants and animals?

Selective breeding Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the increase of dark-winged moths in the population after industrialization?

They were better camouflaged against the darker tree trunks. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains the survival of moths that better adapted to their environment after industrialization?

Evolution by anthropogenic action Signup and view all the answers

The dark-winged moths thrived in polluted areas because they could ___ with the darkened tree trunks.

camouflage Signup and view all the answers

Match the following moth types with their corresponding environments:

White-winged moth = Unpolluted area with light-colored lichens Dark-winged moth = Polluted area with dark tree trunks Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to be the first type of life that appeared on Earth?

Single-celled organisms Signup and view all the answers

What should be observed in rural areas regarding the moth population?

Higher numbers of white-winged moths Signup and view all the answers

Resistant organisms can develop in a time scale of centuries due to the excessive use of herbicides and pesticides.

False Signup and view all the answers

What fish, thought to be extinct, was caught in 1938?

Coelacanth Signup and view all the answers

Evolution occurs as a result of the survival of the organisms that can better ___ to their surroundings.

adapt Signup and view all the answers

Amphibians evolved into __________, which lay thick-shelled eggs.

reptiles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evolutionary milestones with their approximate time frames:

First cellular life = 2000 mya Jawless fish = 350 mya First amphibians = Around 350 mya Dinosaurs disappear = 65 mya Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events is associated with the extinction of dinosaurs?

Climatic changes Signup and view all the answers

Ichthyosaurs were land reptiles that evolved back into the water.

False Signup and view all the answers

What modern-day animals are considered descendants of reptiles?

Turtles, tortoises, and crocodiles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Evolution

Evolutionary Biology studies the history of life forms on Earth.
Understanding evolution requires understanding the context of the origin of life, including the evolution of Earth, stars, and the universe.

Origin of Life

Looking at stars is like looking back in time. Stellar distances are measured in light years.
Observing objects in our immediate surroundings is instantaneous.
The origin of life is a unique event in the universe.
The earth is a small speck in the vastness of the universe.
The origin of life is considered against the background of the origin of Earth and the universe.
Scientists believe that chemical evolution, the formation of biomolecules, preceded the first cellular life forms.
Some scientists believe that life may have originated from outer space (panspermia).
Life might have arisen from decaying organic matter (spontaneous generation), but this was shown false through experimentation.
The first cellular life forms appeared about 2 billion years ago.
These early life forms were likely non-cellular aggregates of giant macromolecules.
Some early cells could release oxygen as a byproduct of reactions.
Early Greek thinkers suggested that units of life called spores were transferred from other planets including Earth.
When looking at distant stars, we are looking into the past, as light from those objects takes time to reach us.
Early scientists attempted to explain the complexity of life arising from simpler forms.
The universe is very old, approximately 20 billion years old.

Evidence for Evolution

Fossils are remains of past life forms found in rocks.
Fossils in different rock layers indicate different periods in Earth's history.
Fossils help study life-forms' variation over time.
Fossils can be used to understand geological periods.
Radiometric dating helps calculate fossil ages.
Fossils of different life forms are found in different-aged rock sediments.
Fossils of similar forms to modern organisms represent extinct organisms.
The study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological period in which they existed.
The appearance and variation of life-forms over geological timescales.
The presence of fossils of similar forms as modern organisms that existed in past geological periods.

Embryological Support for Evolution

Ernst Haeckel proposed that embryos of vertebrates share similar features that disappear in adult form. This was later disproved.
Karl Ernst von Baer disproved this, embryos do not pass through stages of other animals.
Comparative anatomy and morphology show similarities between today's organisms and past ones. This suggests common ancestry.

Adaptive Radiation

Darwin observed many finch varieties in the Galapagos Islands, all descended from a common ancestor.
Many similar forms evolved from a single ancestor.
This is termed adaptive radiation.
An example of adaptive radiation is the Australian marsupials.
Adaptive radiation is the evolution of different species in a specific territory from a single ancestral point.
Adaptations to different environments and resulting diversification.

Convergent and Divergent Evolution

Convergent evolution results in similar structures due to similar functions, but not shared ancestry.
Divergent evolution results in similar structures but with different functions due to shared ancestry.
Homologous structures indicate common ancestry.
Analogous structures have similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

Biological Evolution

Darwinian theory suggests natural selection and branching descent.
Natural selection is a process where hereditary variation allows better survival and reproduction.
Fitness is determined by inherited characteristic's ability to survive in a given environment.
Natural selection is based on observations that resources are limited, populations vary, and traits are inherited.
Thomas Malthus's work on population may have influenced Darwin's thoughts on natural selection.
The importance of variations in traits for adapting to environmental factors.
Organisms with advantageous features are more likely to survive and reproduce.
The process of the environment selecting for best-suited organisms of a population.

Mechanisms of Evolution

Variations are inheritable traits.
Speciation is the occurrence of new species.
Mutations can be random and directionless.
Mutations can cause large changes in traits.
Mechanisms of evolution include genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, recombination, and natural selection.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes genetic equilibrium, where allele frequencies in a population are stable over generations.
This principle is based on equations.
Factors like migration, genetic drift, mutation, recombination, and natural selection, can cause changes in equilibrium.
The frequencies of alleles in a given population can be computed.
Genetic equilibrium in a population is represented by the constant frequencies of alleles from generation to generation.

A Brief Account of Evolution

About 2 billion years ago, the first cellular structures appeared.
The first living organisms on Earth were non-cellular aggregates.
These aggregates gradually evolved into more complex cellular structures.
Early life forms likely released oxygen as a byproduct of their reactions.
The first life forms were very simple and gradually evolved into more complex forms.
The evolution of early life forms to more complex living organisms.

Origin and Evolution of Man

Primates like Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus existed about 15 million years ago.
Early humans (hominids) appeared in eastern Africa about three to four million years ago.
Homo habilis arose leading to Homo erectus who had a bigger brain and subsequently to Homo sapiens.
Homo habilis used tools.
Homo erectus developed a larger brain and possibly used fire.
Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens emerged and migrated across continents.
Homo erectus exhibited upright posture and larger brain capacity.
Homo sapiens exhibit advanced cognitive abilities and cultural development.
Evolution of humans exhibited a trend of increasing brain size and complexity over time and geographical migrations.
The history of human evolution includes several key milestones: development of tool use, controlled fire, increasing brain size, and the emergence of modern humans.
The origin and evolution of humans were influenced by environmental factors and adaptations.
Early humans (Australopithecines) were small, upright, and probably ate fruits.
Later hominins (Homo habilis, Homo erectus) showed increasing brain size, tool use, and possible meat consumption.
Homo sapiens, with larger brains and advanced cognitive abilities, emerged and migrated globally, exhibiting cultural diversity.
Human evolution is characterized by bipedalism, increasing brain size, tool use, and the development of culture.
Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens are key stages in human evolution.
The evolutionary path of humans involved adaptations to various environments and dietary preferences.
Homo erectus (1.5 mya) had a large brain (around 900cc).
Early humans (homo habilis) used tools
Homo erectus were possibly bipedal and had larger brains (approximately 900cc).
Neanderthals (100,000-40,000 years ago) possessed a large brain (about 1400cc).
Homo Sapiens arose in Africa from 75,000 to 10,000 years ago.
The earliest ancestors of modern humans possessed a brain size between 650 and 800 cubic centimeters.
Humans developed advanced cognitive abilities and cultures, which are key features of our species' evolution.
Important cultural developments include cave paintings 18,000 years ago.
Humans started practicing farming 10,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens lived in Africa.
Evidence shows they hunted and ate fruits.
They had different brain sizes at different stages
They used tools
Homo erectus probably ate meat.
Neanderthals lived in near east and central Asia from 100,000-40,000 years ago, using animal hides for protection, and burying their dead.
Homo sapiens emerged in Africa from 75,000 to 10,000 years ago and migrated across continents, developing into different races.
Humans developed agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, and human settlements started developing.

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Test your knowledge on the concepts of evolutionary biology, the origin of life, and the evidence supporting evolution. This quiz covers topics from fossils and radiometric dating to embryological similarities among vertebrates. Dive deep into the history of life forms on Earth!

NCERT - Evolution- 24-25

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of evolutionary biology?

The Big Bang theory describes the contraction of the universe.

Approximately how old is the universe?

The early Earth lacked an _____ atmosphere.

Which gases were released from the molten mass that covered early Earth?

Hydrogen and Helium were formed before the universe expanded.

What marked the formation of the ozone layer on Earth?

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

What idea suggests that life may have originated from outer space?

The theory of spontaneous generation was validated by Louis Pasteur's experiments.

Who proposed that life's first forms could have arisen from non-living organic molecules?

In Miller's experiment, the environment contained _____, H2, NH3, and water vapor.

Match the historical theories with their descriptions:

How long ago did life first appear on Earth?

Miller's experiments demonstrated the formation of amino acids under conditions simulating early Earth.

What type of molecules did the first non-cellular forms of life likely consist of?

What is adaptive radiation?

Darwin's finches are a prime example of convergent evolution.

What role do chance events play in evolution?

Many varieties of finches ___ on the Galapagos Islands.

Match the examples of adaptive radiation with their descriptions:

Which of the following is NOT an example of adaptive radiation?

Adaptive radiation can occur in both plants and animals within an isolated geographical area.

Define convergent evolution in relation to adaptive radiation.

Around how many years ago did modern Homo sapiens arise?

Pre-historic cave art developed about 10,000 years ago.

Where can one observe cave paintings by pre-historic humans?

The study of comparative anatomy provides evidence for _____ .

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

What is generally believed to result in variable fitness within a population?

The evolution of modern man parallels the evolution of human brain and language.

What theory explains the process of organic evolution by natural selection?

What did Darwin assert about variations in a population?

Mendel's observations were fully supported by Darwin's theories of variation and inheritance.

What is the concept proposed by Hugo de Vries regarding evolution?

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population remain __________ through generations.

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, what is the sum total of all allelic frequencies in a population?

The concept of saltation, as put forth by de Vries, refers to gradual changes in a species over time.

What is meant by genetic equilibrium?

Which of the following mammals is known for living wholly in water?

Australopithecines primarily hunted with stone weapons and had a diet mostly consisting of meat.

What was the brain capacity of Homo habilis?

The first human-like beings migrated from eastern Africa are part of the genus ______.

Match the following evolutionary stages with their description:

Which of the following statements is true about the evolution of mammals?

The fossils of early mammals resemble shrews.

What event led to the mingling of mammals from South America and North America?

What change was observed in the moth population from the 1850s to 1920 due to industrialization?

What term did Darwin use to refer to the process by which individuals better suited to their environment survive and reproduce?

Before industrialization, dark-winged moths were more prevalent because they blended in better with the surroundings.

What role does lichen play in the context of industrial pollution?

Charles Darwin proposed that all living organisms were created in their current forms without any changes over time.

What did Alfred Wallace conclude around the same time as Darwin regarding natural selection?

Dark-winged moths survived better in polluted areas because they were able to ______ against the dark background.

The concept that all existing life forms share _______ and have common ancestors is central to evolutionary biology.

Match the periods with their observed moth populations:

Why did the white-winged moths not survive in the polluted environment?

Excessive use of herbicides and pesticides leads to the extinction of all variants.

Which of the following statements aligns with the theory of evolution?

Darwin stated that variations within a population do not affect survival chances.

In areas without industrialization, how did the population of melanic moths compare?

What is the significance of the H.M.S. Beagle voyage in relation to Darwin's theories?

Which concept did Hugo de Vries propose regarding changes in species?

Darwin believed that mutations were the primary cause of evolution.

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used for?

In genetic equilibrium, the total of all allelic frequencies equals ______.

Match the following terms to their definitions:

What is the equation representing the sum of the frequencies of genotypes in a diploid population?

Which type of variation did Darwin primarily focus on?

Gene flow only occurs when a section of the population migrates once.

Mutations are always beneficial for the population.

What process explains how advantageous mutations can result in new phenotypes over generations?

What does genetic equilibrium mean in a population?

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is disturbed by factors like genetic drift, mutation, and __________.

Match the following evolutionary concepts with their descriptions:

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?