Evolution and Evidence of Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What does Darwin's theory of natural selection primarily rely on?

  • The ability of organisms to learn complex behaviors
  • The presence of variations among individuals in a population (correct)
  • The impact of environmental changes on species
  • The cooperation among members of a species

What is a consequence of overpopulation in Darwin's theory?

  • Increased genetic diversity
  • Reduction in individual differences
  • Stable population growth
  • Struggle for existence and competition for resources (correct)

Which statement best describes the role of competition in natural selection?

  • It aids in the creation of new species.
  • It eliminates the necessity of adaptation.
  • It favors those individuals that are better adapted to their environment. (correct)
  • It ensures all individuals have equal chances of survival.

According to Darwin, what happens to individuals that are better suited to their environment?

<p>They are more likely to survive and reproduce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

<p>It struggles to distinguish between inherited and acquired characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the punctuated equilibrium theory explain?

<p>Species remain stable for long periods, followed by rapid changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of natural selection, what is meant by 'fitness'?

<p>The reproductive success of an organism relative to others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the variations in a population according to Darwin?

<p>Inherent differences in individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is overpopulation significant in Darwin's theory?

<p>It creates a lack of resources leading to competition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Darwin's natural selection theory highlights the struggle for existence?

<p>The exponential growth of populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is microevolution?

<p>The change in one gene pool of a population over generations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes macroevolution?

<p>The development of separate species from a common ancestor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fossil formation involves the preservation of entire organisms in ice?

<p>Freezing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence does the fossil record primarily provide?

<p>The existence of extinct species and evolutionary transitions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is considered vestigial?

<p>Appendix in humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes homologous structures?

<p>They share a similar origin but have different functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lamarck's theory of evolution, how do changes occur in organisms?

<p>As a result of individual adaptations during their lifetime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes analogous structures?

<p>Structures used for similar functions but evolved independently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of radioactive dating allow scientists to determine?

<p>The relative ages of rocks and fossils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known as a transitional fossil between reptiles and birds?

<p>Archaeopteryx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evolution

The change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations.

Microevolution

Changes in the gene pool of a population over time.

Macroevolution

The formation of an entirely new species, also known as speciation.

Fossil Record

Fossils provide evidence of extinct species and their evolutionary relationships.

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Homologous Structures

Structures with the same basic design, but different functions, indicating common ancestry.

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Analogous Structures

Structures that have similar functions but different underlying structures, suggesting convergent evolution.

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Vestigial Structures

Structures that have lost their original function over time, providing evidence of evolutionary change.

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Lamarck's Theory

The theory that organisms pass on acquired characteristics during their lifetime to their offspring.

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Radioactive Dating

The process of radioactive decay is used to determine the age of fossils.

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Transitional Fossil

A fossil that exhibits characteristics of both ancestral and descendant groups, bridging the gap between different species.

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Natural Selection

A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on to their offspring.

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Variation

Darwin's idea that organisms within a species have slight differences, and these variations influence their survival and reproduction.

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Overpopulation

The tendency of populations to increase at a faster rate than resources, leading to competition.

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Struggle for Existence

The struggle among organisms for limited resources like food, shelter, and mates.

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Best-fit Individuals

The individuals within a population that possess traits best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Inheritance

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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Gradualism

The belief that species change gradually over long periods, adapting slowly to their environment.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

A theory proposing that species remain relatively stable for long periods, then experience rapid bursts of evolution giving rise to new species.

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Stable Period

The period of stability and little change within a species in the Punctuated Equilibrium theory.

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Rapid Formation

The period of rapid evolutionary change within a species in the Punctuated Equilibrium theory.

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Study Notes

Evolution

  • Evolution is the change in the genes of a population over time.
  • Microevolution: Change in one gene pool of a population over generations.
  • Macroevolution (speciation): Formation of a new species
  • Individuals do not evolve; populations are the smallest units that can evolve.

Evidence of Evolution

  • Fossil Record:

    • Reveals extinct and evolved species.
    • 99% of past organisms are now extinct.
    • Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old (radioactive dating).
    • Prokaryotic cells were the first organisms.
    • Transitional fossils link extinct to modern species (e.g., Archaeopteryx, Eohippus).
    • Fossil Formation:

  • Petrifaction (e.g., bone, wood)

  • Imprints (e.g., footprints)

  • Freezing (e.g., mammoths)

  • Cast/molds

    • Radioactive elements (e.g., uranium, C14) help determine fossil age. Older fossils have less radioactive material.

  • Comparative Anatomy:

    • Similar structures suggest relatedness and common ancestry.
    • Homologous Structures (divergent evolution): Same structure, different function (e.g., bat wing, whale flipper, human arm).
    • Analogous Structures (convergent evolution): Similar function, different structure (e.g., bat's wing, fly's wing). Analogous structures are not evidence of common ancestry.
    • Vestigial Structures: Structures with reduced function (e.g., appendix) that show evolutionary change.

Lamarck vs. Darwin

  • Lamarck's Theory: Organisms change during their life and pass those changes to offspring. (e.g., giraffes stretched their necks).
  • Darwin's Theory (Natural Selection):
    • Populations grow exponentially exceeding resources.
    • Overpopulation leads to competition.
    • Variation exists within a population with inequality in survival.
    • Best-fit individuals survive and reproduce, passing beneficial traits.
    • Drawback: Unable to distinguish between inherited and acquired traits.

Punctuated Equilibrium

  • Explains the rapid appearance of new species.
  • Species experience long periods of stability punctuated by short periods of rapid change.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of evolution, including microevolution and macroevolution, as well as the various forms of evidence supporting evolutionary theory. Topics covered include the fossil record and comparative anatomy, highlighting key examples of transitional fossils and the methods of fossil formation. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in evolutionary biology.

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