Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity (hard multiple questions)

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Download our mobile app to listen on the go

Get App

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of analogous and homologous structures?

Analogous structures arise from divergent evolution and share similar ancestry, while homologous structures arise from convergent evolution and have similar functions.
Analogous structures arise from divergent evolution and have similar functions, while homologous structures arise from convergent evolution and share similar ancestry.
Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution and have similar functions, while homologous structures arise from divergent evolution and share similar ancestry. (correct)
Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution and share similar ancestry, while homologous structures arise from divergent evolution and have different functions.

What is the most significant limitation of using traditional hierarchical classification methods (like the Linnaean system) when analyzing evolutionary relationships?

They cannot incorporate genetic data, relying solely on observable physical traits which can be misleading due to convergent evolution.
They are unable to reflect the continuous and branching nature of evolution, often forcing organisms into discrete categories that don't represent their true relationships. (correct)
They are too complex and require extensive computational resources, making them impractical for large-scale biodiversity studies.
They cannot classify extinct species, as the system relies on direct observation of living organisms.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between natural selection and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Exposure to antibiotics induces a Lamarckian-type inheritance of acquired resistance traits in bacteria, which is then amplified by natural selection.
Natural selection favors bacteria with pre-existing genetic variations that enable them to survive and reproduce in the presence of antibiotics, leading to an increase in the frequency of resistant strains. (correct)
Natural selection causes mutations in bacteria that directly confer antibiotic resistance, regardless of environmental conditions.
Antibiotic resistance is solely a result of genetic drift in small bacterial populations, and natural selection plays a minimal role in its spread.

In the context of cladistics, what distinguishes a paraphyletic group from a monophyletic group?

A paraphyletic group excludes one or more descendants from a common ancestor, while a monophyletic group includes all descendants. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of punctuated equilibrium challenge traditional views of evolutionary change?

It posits that species experience long periods of stasis punctuated by short bursts of rapid change, differing from the gradual, continuous change suggested by traditional gradualism. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would likely lead to the fastest rate of evolutionary change in a population?

A small population experiencing strong directional selection in a rapidly changing environment, coupled with a high mutation rate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What key piece of evidence did Darwin lack that is now considered foundational to our understanding of evolution?

The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of inheritance, including DNA and mutations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in using molecular clocks to determine the exact timing of evolutionary events?

Molecular clocks rely on the assumption of a constant mutation rate, which can vary across different genes, lineages, and time periods. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the concept of adaptive radiation, which scenario would MOST likely trigger such an event?

A mass extinction event that opens up numerous ecological niches. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does horizontal gene transfer complicate the construction of phylogenetic trees, particularly for prokaryotes?

It introduces genetic material from unrelated organisms, blurring the lines of descent and making it difficult to determine true evolutionary relationships based on shared genes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cladistics

The study of the history of groups of organisms

Natural Selection

Process where heritable traits beneficial for survival become more common in a population.

Evidence for Evolution

The evidence that shows change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Classification of Biodiversity

The classification of organisms in a hierarchical system

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes