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Questions and Answers
What is a clade?
What is a clade?
A clade is an evolutionary lineage recognized by cladistics.
What is the significance of derived characters in cladistics?
What is the significance of derived characters in cladistics?
Derived characters are used to identify natural groups in cladistics.
Explain the term 'apomorphy'.
Explain the term 'apomorphy'.
Apomorphy refers to a derived character that is different from the ancestral condition.
How are groups of organisms recognized in cladistics?
How are groups of organisms recognized in cladistics?
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Give an example of a derived character in terrestrial vertebrates.
Give an example of a derived character in terrestrial vertebrates.
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Why did Hennig insist that natural groups can be identified only on the basis of derived characters?
Why did Hennig insist that natural groups can be identified only on the basis of derived characters?
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What are the major living groups of vertebrates?
What are the major living groups of vertebrates?
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What term is used to describe evolutionary lineages that have a single evolutionary origin?
What term is used to describe evolutionary lineages that have a single evolutionary origin?
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What group includes all vertebrate animals that have jaws?
What group includes all vertebrate animals that have jaws?
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Which group includes all vertebrate animals that are bony fishes?
Which group includes all vertebrate animals that are bony fishes?
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What are some examples of Actinopterygii?
What are some examples of Actinopterygii?
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What is the evolutionary lineage that includes tuatara, lizards, and snakes?
What is the evolutionary lineage that includes tuatara, lizards, and snakes?
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What is the difficulty that arises when trying to find names for groups that include fossils?
What is the difficulty that arises when trying to find names for groups that include fossils?
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Why do extant members of a group have all the derived characters of that group?
Why do extant members of a group have all the derived characters of that group?
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What is encountered as you move backward through time to fossils that are ancestral to extant species?
What is encountered as you move backward through time to fossils that are ancestral to extant species?
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Why are the fossils in the lineage more closely related to the extant group than to animals in other lineages?
Why are the fossils in the lineage more closely related to the extant group than to animals in other lineages?
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What is the solution to the problem of naming groups that contain fossils?
What is the solution to the problem of naming groups that contain fossils?
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How are crown groups defined?
How are crown groups defined?
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How did the draining of epicontinental seas at the end of the Cretaceous period potentially impact the climate in the Northern Hemisphere?
How did the draining of epicontinental seas at the end of the Cretaceous period potentially impact the climate in the Northern Hemisphere?
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What are the characteristics of maritime climates near large bodies of water?
What are the characteristics of maritime climates near large bodies of water?
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How do continental climates differ from maritime climates?
How do continental climates differ from maritime climates?
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What significant impact has continental drift had on the evolution of vertebrates?
What significant impact has continental drift had on the evolution of vertebrates?
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Why is the mid-Cenozoic period highlighted as a significant time for the diversification of mammals?
Why is the mid-Cenozoic period highlighted as a significant time for the diversification of mammals?
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How does geographical location and timing play a role in evolutionary history?
How does geographical location and timing play a role in evolutionary history?
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What is the significance of movements of continents and their effects on climates in the context of vertebrate evolution?
What is the significance of movements of continents and their effects on climates in the context of vertebrate evolution?
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How did the advance and retreat of glaciers in the Pleistocene contribute to the evolution of new species in vertebrates?
How did the advance and retreat of glaciers in the Pleistocene contribute to the evolution of new species in vertebrates?
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What is the time span of evolution that has led to the extraordinary diversity of living vertebrates?
What is the time span of evolution that has led to the extraordinary diversity of living vertebrates?
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How are animals typically classified in phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)?
How are animals typically classified in phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)?
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Which are the two major divisions of bony fishes according to the text?
Which are the two major divisions of bony fishes according to the text?
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How does cladistics classify animals?
How does cladistics classify animals?
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The diversity of vertebrates makes the classification of vertebrates an extraordinarily ______ task.
The diversity of vertebrates makes the classification of vertebrates an extraordinarily ______ task.
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Initially, classification of species was seen as a way of managing the diversity of organisms, much as an office filing system manages the paperwork of the office. Each species could be placed in a pigeonhole marked with its ______; when all species were in their pigeonholes, the diversity of vertebrates would have been encompassed.
Initially, classification of species was seen as a way of managing the diversity of organisms, much as an office filing system manages the paperwork of the office. Each species could be placed in a pigeonhole marked with its ______; when all species were in their pigeonholes, the diversity of vertebrates would have been encompassed.
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Acceptance of the fact that species evolve has made that kind of classification ______.
Acceptance of the fact that species evolve has made that kind of classification ______.
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Now biologists must express evolutionary relationships among species by incorporating evolutionary information in the system of ______.
Now biologists must express evolutionary relationships among species by incorporating evolutionary information in the system of ______.
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Ideally, a classification system should not only attach a label to each species but also encode the evolutionary relationships between that species and other ______.
Ideally, a classification system should not only attach a label to each species but also encode the evolutionary relationships between that species and other ______.
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Modern techniques of systematics have become methods for generating testable hypotheses about ______.
Modern techniques of systematics have become methods for generating testable hypotheses about ______.
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Humans are in the ______ lineage above number 9
Humans are in the ______ lineage above number 9
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Humans are in the Eutheria, which is in the ______ lineage
Humans are in the Eutheria, which is in the ______ lineage
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Lobe-finned fishes are an appropriate ______ for terrestrial vertebrates
Lobe-finned fishes are an appropriate ______ for terrestrial vertebrates
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All placental mammals are ______
All placental mammals are ______
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All synapsids are ______
All synapsids are ______
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All amniotes are ______
All amniotes are ______
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Shared derived characters are called __________
Shared derived characters are called __________
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Organisms also share ancestral characters known as __________
Organisms also share ancestral characters known as __________
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Terrestrial vertebrates have a vertebral column inherited from ________-finned fishes
Terrestrial vertebrates have a vertebral column inherited from ________-finned fishes
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Hennig called shared ancestral characters _______________
Hennig called shared ancestral characters _______________
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The principle that only shared derived characters can be used to determine evolutionary relationships is the core of __________
The principle that only shared derived characters can be used to determine evolutionary relationships is the core of __________
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Applying cladistic criteria to real organisms can become very __________
Applying cladistic criteria to real organisms can become very __________
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Crocodilians and birds form an extant phylogenetic ______.
Crocodilians and birds form an extant phylogenetic ______.
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Both crocodilians and birds display extensive parental care of ______ and young.
Both crocodilians and birds display extensive parental care of ______ and young.
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Parental care is considered an ancestral character of the ______ lineage.
Parental care is considered an ancestral character of the ______ lineage.
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Pterosaurs were the flying reptiles of the ______ and Cretaceous periods.
Pterosaurs were the flying reptiles of the ______ and Cretaceous periods.
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Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that disappeared at the end of the ______ period.
Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that disappeared at the end of the ______ period.
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Crocodilians are more basal than pterosaurs and ______.
Crocodilians are more basal than pterosaurs and ______.
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The genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the wings of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related ______.When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.
The genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the wings of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related ______.When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.
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When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved ______ genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.
When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved ______ genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.
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Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related
Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related
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Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new species of ______ described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related species.
Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new species of ______ described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related species.
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From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (______), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of
From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (______), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of
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Nonetheless, the genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the ______ of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.
Nonetheless, the genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the ______ of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.
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Study Notes
Evolutionary Lineages and Cladistics
- An evolutionary lineage is a clade, and phylogenetic systematics is also called cladistics.
- Cladistics recognizes only groups of organisms that are related by common descent.
- Cladistic methods are used to study evolution rigorously.
- Natural groups are identified based on derived characters, which are different from the ancestral condition.
Derived Characters and Apomorphies
- Derived characters are called apomorphies (away from the ancestral condition).
- An example of a derived character is the foot bones of terrestrial vertebrates, which are different from the ancestral pattern seen in lobe-finned fishes.
Monophyletic Groups
- Evolutionary lineages must have a single evolutionary origin; that is, they must be monophyletic (Greek mono = one, single).
- Monophyletic groups include all the descendants of a common ancestor.
Cladograms
- Cladograms are used to depict the evolutionary relationships of organisms.
- Cladograms are constructed by tracing ancestor-descendant relationships.
- Cladograms are nested, with each group being a subset of a larger group.
Crown and Stem Groups
- The problem with fossils is that they do not fit neatly into crown groups or stem groups.
- Crown groups are defined by the extant species, which have all the derived characters.
- Stem groups include fossils that are more closely related to the extant group than they are to animals in other lineages.
Continental Drift and Evolution
- Continental drift has formed and broken land connections between continents.
- Isolation of different lineages of vertebrates on different landmasses has produced dramatic examples of the independent evolution of similar types of organisms.
Phylogenetic Systematics
- Phylogenetic systematics classifies animals on the basis of shared derived character states.
- Synapomorphies (shared derived characters) are used to determine evolutionary relationships.
- Plesiomorphies (ancestral characters) tell us nothing about degrees of relatedness.
Cladistic Classification
- Cladistic classification is based on shared derived characters.
- Outgroups are used to determine the polarity of evolutionary transformations.
- A well-chosen outgroup will possess ancestral character states compared to the ingroup.
Conservation and Phylogeny
- Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation.
- Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) are lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences.
- Management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.
Classification of Vertebrates
- The diversity of vertebrates makes classification an extraordinarily difficult task.
- Classification has long been at the heart of evolutionary biology.
- Modern techniques of systematics have become methods for generating testable hypotheses about evolution.
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Description
Test your knowledge about cladistics, evolutionary lineages, and the application of cladistic methods in the study of evolution. Learn about how natural groups of organisms are recognized and linked in ancestor-descendant relationships.
