Cladistics and Evolutionary Lineages Quiz

What is a clade?

What is the significance of derived characters in cladistics?

Explain the term 'apomorphy'.

How are groups of organisms recognized in cladistics?

Give an example of a derived character in terrestrial vertebrates.

Why did Hennig insist that natural groups can be identified only on the basis of derived characters?

What are the major living groups of vertebrates?

What term is used to describe evolutionary lineages that have a single evolutionary origin?

What group includes all vertebrate animals that have jaws?

Which group includes all vertebrate animals that are bony fishes?

What are some examples of Actinopterygii?

What is the evolutionary lineage that includes tuatara, lizards, and snakes?

What is the difficulty that arises when trying to find names for groups that include fossils?

Why do extant members of a group have all the derived characters of that group?

What is encountered as you move backward through time to fossils that are ancestral to extant species?

Why are the fossils in the lineage more closely related to the extant group than to animals in other lineages?

What is the solution to the problem of naming groups that contain fossils?

How are crown groups defined?

How did the draining of epicontinental seas at the end of the Cretaceous period potentially impact the climate in the Northern Hemisphere?

What are the characteristics of maritime climates near large bodies of water?

How do continental climates differ from maritime climates?

What significant impact has continental drift had on the evolution of vertebrates?

Why is the mid-Cenozoic period highlighted as a significant time for the diversification of mammals?

How does geographical location and timing play a role in evolutionary history?

What is the significance of movements of continents and their effects on climates in the context of vertebrate evolution?

How did the advance and retreat of glaciers in the Pleistocene contribute to the evolution of new species in vertebrates?

What is the time span of evolution that has led to the extraordinary diversity of living vertebrates?

How are animals typically classified in phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)?

Which are the two major divisions of bony fishes according to the text?

How does cladistics classify animals?

The diversity of vertebrates makes the classification of vertebrates an extraordinarily ______ task.

Initially, classification of species was seen as a way of managing the diversity of organisms, much as an office filing system manages the paperwork of the office. Each species could be placed in a pigeonhole marked with its ______; when all species were in their pigeonholes, the diversity of vertebrates would have been encompassed.

Acceptance of the fact that species evolve has made that kind of classification ______.

Now biologists must express evolutionary relationships among species by incorporating evolutionary information in the system of ______.

Ideally, a classification system should not only attach a label to each species but also encode the evolutionary relationships between that species and other ______.

Modern techniques of systematics have become methods for generating testable hypotheses about ______.

Humans are in the ______ lineage above number 9

Humans are in the Eutheria, which is in the ______ lineage

Lobe-finned fishes are an appropriate ______ for terrestrial vertebrates

All placental mammals are ______

All synapsids are ______

All amniotes are ______

Shared derived characters are called __________

Organisms also share ancestral characters known as __________

Terrestrial vertebrates have a vertebral column inherited from ________-finned fishes

Hennig called shared ancestral characters _______________

The principle that only shared derived characters can be used to determine evolutionary relationships is the core of __________

Applying cladistic criteria to real organisms can become very __________

Crocodilians and birds form an extant phylogenetic ______.

Both crocodilians and birds display extensive parental care of ______ and young.

Parental care is considered an ancestral character of the ______ lineage.

Pterosaurs were the flying reptiles of the ______ and Cretaceous periods.

Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that disappeared at the end of the ______ period.

Crocodilians are more basal than pterosaurs and ______.

The genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the wings of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related ______.When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.

When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved ______ genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.

Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related

Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new species of ______ described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related species.

From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (______), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of

Nonetheless, the genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the ______ of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.