Cladistics and Evolutionary Lineages Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a clade?

A clade is an evolutionary lineage recognized by cladistics.

What is the significance of derived characters in cladistics?

Derived characters are used to identify natural groups in cladistics.

Explain the term 'apomorphy'.

Apomorphy refers to a derived character that is different from the ancestral condition.

How are groups of organisms recognized in cladistics?

<p>Groups recognized in cladistics are identified based on common descent and derived characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a derived character in terrestrial vertebrates.

<p>Distinctive foot bones like carpals, tarsals, and digits represent derived characters in terrestrial vertebrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Hennig insist that natural groups can be identified only on the basis of derived characters?

<p>Hennig recognized that derived characters are essential to trace evolutionary history accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major living groups of vertebrates?

<p>Sauropsida, Eutheria, Metatheria, Monotremata, Aves, Crocodilia, Anura, Caudata, Gymnophiona, Dipnoi, Actinistia, Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, Petromyzontiformes, Myxiniformes, Outgroups, Lepidosauria, Testudinia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe evolutionary lineages that have a single evolutionary origin?

<p>Monophyletic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group includes all vertebrate animals that have jaws?

<p>Gnathostomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group includes all vertebrate animals that are bony fishes?

<p>Osteichthyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of Actinopterygii?

<p>Ray-finned fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary lineage that includes tuatara, lizards, and snakes?

<p>Lepidosauria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difficulty that arises when trying to find names for groups that include fossils?

<p>Derived characters that define extant groups of vertebrates did not necessarily appear all at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do extant members of a group have all the derived characters of that group?

<p>Because that is how the group is defined today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encountered as you move backward through time to fossils that are ancestral to extant species?

<p>Forms that have a mosaic of ancestral and derived characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the fossils in the lineage more closely related to the extant group than to animals in other lineages?

<p>Because they share some derived characters with the extant group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the solution to the problem of naming groups that contain fossils?

<p>Naming two types of groups: crown groups and stem groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are crown groups defined?

<p>By the extant species that have all the derived characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the draining of epicontinental seas at the end of the Cretaceous period potentially impact the climate in the Northern Hemisphere?

<p>Made the climate more continental</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of maritime climates near large bodies of water?

<p>Not very hot in summer, not very cold in winter, usually moist</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do continental climates differ from maritime climates?

<p>Dry with cold winters and hot summers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact has continental drift had on the evolution of vertebrates?

<p>Formed and broken land connections between continents, leading to independent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the mid-Cenozoic period highlighted as a significant time for the diversification of mammals?

<p>Earth's continents reached their greatest separation during this time</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does geographical location and timing play a role in evolutionary history?

<p>Depends on whether a lineage was in the right place at the right time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of movements of continents and their effects on climates in the context of vertebrate evolution?

<p>They are taking an increasingly central role in our understanding of vertebrate evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the advance and retreat of glaciers in the Pleistocene contribute to the evolution of new species in vertebrates?

<p>Caused homogeneous habitats to split and merge, isolating populations of widespread species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time span of evolution that has led to the extraordinary diversity of living vertebrates?

<p>More than 500 million years of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are animals typically classified in phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)?

<p>On the basis of shared derived character states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are the two major divisions of bony fishes according to the text?

<p>Aquatic ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and primarily terrestrial lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods (Sarcopterygii).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cladistics classify animals?

<p>On the basis of shared derived character states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diversity of vertebrates makes the classification of vertebrates an extraordinarily ______ task.

<p>difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initially, classification of species was seen as a way of managing the diversity of organisms, much as an office filing system manages the paperwork of the office. Each species could be placed in a pigeonhole marked with its ______; when all species were in their pigeonholes, the diversity of vertebrates would have been encompassed.

<p>name</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acceptance of the fact that species evolve has made that kind of classification ______.

<p>inadequate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Now biologists must express evolutionary relationships among species by incorporating evolutionary information in the system of ______.

<p>classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ideally, a classification system should not only attach a label to each species but also encode the evolutionary relationships between that species and other ______.

<p>species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern techniques of systematics have become methods for generating testable hypotheses about ______.

<p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are in the ______ lineage above number 9

<p>Amniota</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are in the Eutheria, which is in the ______ lineage

<p>Synapsida</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lobe-finned fishes are an appropriate ______ for terrestrial vertebrates

<p>outgroup</p> Signup and view all the answers

All placental mammals are ______

<p>therians</p> Signup and view all the answers

All synapsids are ______

<p>amniotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

All amniotes are ______

<p>tetrapods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shared derived characters are called __________

<p>synapomorphies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms also share ancestral characters known as __________

<p>plesiomorphies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Terrestrial vertebrates have a vertebral column inherited from ________-finned fishes

<p>lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hennig called shared ancestral characters _______________

<p>symplesiomorphies</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle that only shared derived characters can be used to determine evolutionary relationships is the core of __________

<p>cladistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Applying cladistic criteria to real organisms can become very __________

<p>complicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crocodilians and birds form an extant phylogenetic ______.

<p>bracket</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both crocodilians and birds display extensive parental care of ______ and young.

<p>eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parental care is considered an ancestral character of the ______ lineage.

<p>archosaur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pterosaurs were the flying reptiles of the ______ and Cretaceous periods.

<p>Jurassic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that disappeared at the end of the ______ period.

<p>Triassic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crocodilians are more basal than pterosaurs and ______.

<p>dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the wings of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related ______.When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.

<p>species</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a genetic difference is large, it means that the two forms have been reproductively isolated from each other and have followed different evolutionary pathways.From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved ______ genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.

<p>substantial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phylogeny and Conservation Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new ______ of mammals described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related

<p>species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation (Figure 1–6).For example, some of the new species of ______ described in section 1.1 14 CHAPTER 1 were identified by comparing their DNA with the DNA of related species.

<p>mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

From a conservationist’s perspective, lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences are Evolutionarily Significant Units (______), and management plans should protect the genetic diversity of

<p>ESUs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonetheless, the genetic differences that distinguish the leopards on Sumatra from those on Borneo are large enough to be separated in captive breeding programs for the two forms.and parallelism give an appearance of similarity (as in the ______ of birds and bats) that is not the result of common evolutionary origin.Reversal, in contrast, conceals similarity (e.g., between cetaceans and their four-legged terrestrial ancestors) that is the result of common evolutionary origin.

<p>wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Evolutionary Lineages and Cladistics

  • An evolutionary lineage is a clade, and phylogenetic systematics is also called cladistics.
  • Cladistics recognizes only groups of organisms that are related by common descent.
  • Cladistic methods are used to study evolution rigorously.
  • Natural groups are identified based on derived characters, which are different from the ancestral condition.

Derived Characters and Apomorphies

  • Derived characters are called apomorphies (away from the ancestral condition).
  • An example of a derived character is the foot bones of terrestrial vertebrates, which are different from the ancestral pattern seen in lobe-finned fishes.

Monophyletic Groups

  • Evolutionary lineages must have a single evolutionary origin; that is, they must be monophyletic (Greek mono = one, single).
  • Monophyletic groups include all the descendants of a common ancestor.

Cladograms

  • Cladograms are used to depict the evolutionary relationships of organisms.
  • Cladograms are constructed by tracing ancestor-descendant relationships.
  • Cladograms are nested, with each group being a subset of a larger group.

Crown and Stem Groups

  • The problem with fossils is that they do not fit neatly into crown groups or stem groups.
  • Crown groups are defined by the extant species, which have all the derived characters.
  • Stem groups include fossils that are more closely related to the extant group than they are to animals in other lineages.

Continental Drift and Evolution

  • Continental drift has formed and broken land connections between continents.
  • Isolation of different lineages of vertebrates on different landmasses has produced dramatic examples of the independent evolution of similar types of organisms.

Phylogenetic Systematics

  • Phylogenetic systematics classifies animals on the basis of shared derived character states.
  • Synapomorphies (shared derived characters) are used to determine evolutionary relationships.
  • Plesiomorphies (ancestral characters) tell us nothing about degrees of relatedness.

Cladistic Classification

  • Cladistic classification is based on shared derived characters.
  • Outgroups are used to determine the polarity of evolutionary transformations.
  • A well-chosen outgroup will possess ancestral character states compared to the ingroup.

Conservation and Phylogeny

  • Combining genetic analysis with cladistic analyses can provide an important tool for biologists concerned with conservation.
  • Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) are lineages that have evolved substantial genetic differences.
  • Management plans should protect the genetic diversity of ESUs.

Classification of Vertebrates

  • The diversity of vertebrates makes classification an extraordinarily difficult task.
  • Classification has long been at the heart of evolutionary biology.
  • Modern techniques of systematics have become methods for generating testable hypotheses about evolution.

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Vertebrate Life 9th Edition PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about cladistics, evolutionary lineages, and the application of cladistic methods in the study of evolution. Learn about how natural groups of organisms are recognized and linked in ancestor-descendant relationships.

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