Evidence-Informed Practice Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of quantitative research methods?

  • Manipulation of the treatment setting and participants to control the environment. (correct)
  • Focus on collecting data through interviews and direct observations.
  • Emphasis on observing in natural settings without manipulation.
  • Assumption that any observation affects what is being observed and vice versa.

In qualitative research, what is assumed about the nature of reality?

  • Reality can only be understood through numerical data.
  • Reality is best understood when the observer is detached from the process.
  • Any description is one of several valid realities. (correct)
  • There is a single, objective reality that can be precisely described.

What is the primary goal of a descriptive study?

  • To manipulate an environment and control variables.
  • To describe a group, sample, or population, without intent beyond that scope. (correct)
  • To generalize findings to a wider population.
  • To test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Which research approach places importance on observing subjects in their natural environment?

<p>Qualitative methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of quantitative research when exploring causality?

<p>Focusing on ruling out ‘rival explanations’ and accounting for confounding variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data collection methods are most characteristic of qualitative research?

<p>Interviews, direct observations, and documents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between descriptive and explanatory studies?

<p>Explanatory studies aim to understand and explain relationships, while descriptive studies aim to summarize data only within a particular population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption about cause and effect is made in qualitative research?

<p>Multiple factors and causes can influence an outcome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three components form the basis of Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP)?

<p>Best available research evidence, professional/clinical expertise, and client values &amp; individualized needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the core principles of EIP, what role does research evidence play in clinical decision-making?

<p>The better the research evidence, the more confident our clinical decisions can be. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does embracing Evidence-Informed Practices benefit Registered Massage Therapists (RMTs)?

<p>It makes their treatments more effective, supported by insurance, more standardized and reputable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of scientific research, what is a common characteristic of both quantitative and qualitative methods?

<p>They are both used to assess the credibility of a study's reliability and validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What often comes from qualitative analysis when regarding health care research?

<p>Development of a specific and testable hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research method is most frequently used in health care research?

<p>Quantitative methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental assumption underlies quantitative research methods as mentioned in the text?

<p>That there is a uniform reality that can be observed, measured, and expressed in numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a linear cause-and-effect model as mentioned in the text, imply in the context of quantitative research?

<p>It suggests that one variable is a direct result of another variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a null hypothesis?

<p>To assume there is no relationship between two variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment investigating the effect of different fertilizers on plant growth, what would be the dependent variable?

<p>The height of the plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable in an experiment?

<p>A variable that can influence the dependent variable other than the independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis?

<p>There is no relationship between exercise and weight loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis, what does this mean?

<p>They have found evidence to support the alternate hypothesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an independent variable?

<p>It is the variable being measured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control variables in an experiment?

<p>To ensure the results are reliable and reflect the effects of the independent variable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study examining the effect of different types of music on plant growth, what would be a controlled variable?

<p>The type of plant species used. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of descriptive studies in research?

<p>To explore cause and effect relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a descriptive study?

<p>Cohort study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explanatory studies primarily aim to achieve what between treatment and outcome?

<p>Establish a causal relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study type provides the strongest evidence regarding a hypothesis?

<p>Explanatory studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohort studies are particularly known for being which type of study?

<p>Longitudinal and observational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do descriptive studies serve in relation to explanatory studies?

<p>They refine the design of explanatory studies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of explanatory studies?

<p>To test a hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an observational study?

<p>A study that observes and analyzes without interference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of using observational studies in research?

<p>They provide a quick and low-cost way to identify associations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a research article includes a thorough literature review?

<p>Introduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the methods section of a research article ensure?

<p>It should allow for replication by other researchers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the results/findings section of a research article provide?

<p>An objective analysis without supporting or dismissing the hypothesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the conclusion/discussion section in a research article?

<p>To interpret the results in relation to the research question. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a good hypothesis in research?

<p>It is testable and measurable with empirical data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of a research article typically includes a list of consulted sources?

<p>References (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically found in the abstract of a research article?

<p>Literature review (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of cohort studies in observing cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

<p>Attrition rates can be high. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to Before/After studies without a control group?

<p>They may over-estimate treatment effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study describes a detailed account of the care of a single patient?

<p>Case Report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of using a case series in research?

<p>It can indicate new phenomena. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major flaw is present in correlational studies?

<p>They do not establish cause and effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might before/after studies without control be less generalizable?

<p>They lack a control group for comparison. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Case Series from an individual Case Report?

<p>It combines multiple case studies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an inherent limitation of anecdotes in scientific reporting?

<p>They lack rationale and detail. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable advantage of Before/After studies with a control group?

<p>They provide stronger comparative insights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study type should one use to explore the initial observations of a new treatment effect?

<p>Case Report (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP)?

A three-part approach combining the best available research, practitioner expertise, and individual client needs.

What is a core principle of EIP?

The quality of research evidence directly affects the confidence we have in our clinical decisions.

What is another core principle of EIP?

Research alone is never sufficient to make informed clinical decisions.

Why is EIP important for RMTs?

Evidence-based practice leads to more effective treatments, better insurance support, standardized techniques, and increased reputation among healthcare professionals.

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What are quantitative methods?

Quantitative methods use numbers and measurements to study a uniform reality, often assuming a cause-and-effect relationship.

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What are qualitative methods?

Qualitative methods focus on examining experiences, meanings, and interpretations through observation and interviews.

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What is the relationship between quantitative and qualitative methods?

Both quantitative and qualitative methods have limitations, but they are both valuable in scientific research.

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Which research approach is more common in healthcare?

Quantitative methods are often used in healthcare research because they offer measurable and objective evidence.

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Quantitative Research

A research approach where researchers manipulate variables to test causal relationships. It's all about controlling the environment and identifying true causes.

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Rival Explanations

In quantitative research, researchers aim to rule out alternative explanations for the observed results. It's like eliminating suspects to find the real culprit.

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Probability of Chance

Quantitative researchers rely on statistical analysis to determine the likelihood of chance occurrences. It's like calculating the odds of something happening by chance.

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Reproducibility

The ability to repeat the same experiment or study and get similar results. It's a vital test of validity in quantitative research.

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Qualitative Research

A research approach that emphasizes understanding the complexities and nuances of human experiences. It involves studying people in their natural environment and recognizing multiple perspectives.

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Multiple Realities

Qualitative researchers believe that there isn't just one objective reality. It's like recognizing that a painting can be interpreted in many different ways.

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Non-linear Cause-and-Effect

In qualitative research, events and outcomes don't always follow a simple cause-and-effect relationship. Multiple factors can contribute to a situation.

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Observer as Part of the Process

Qualitative researchers are deeply involved in the research process, interacting with participants and interpreting data through their own lens.

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Descriptive Studies

Studies that aim to explore cause-effect relationships without directly controlling variables. They provide a foundation for forming hypotheses by gathering detailed observations.

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Explanatory Studies

Studies that use a sample to make general statements about a larger population, often to determine the effectiveness of an intervention.

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Cohort

A group of individuals sharing a common characteristic or experience, often used in observational studies to track outcomes.

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Cohort Study

Studies that observe a group of individuals over time to examine the relationship between a treatment or exposure and a specific outcome.

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Cross-Sectional Study

Studies that gather data at a single point in time to assess the prevalence of a condition or behavior.

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Case-Control Study

Studies that compare individuals with a condition to those without it to identify potential risk factors.

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Experimental Studies

Studies that manipulate an intervention or treatment to observe its effect on a group of individuals.

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Before-and-After Treatment Study

Studies that measure the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing outcomes before and after its application.

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What's a hypothesis?

A statement predicting a relationship between variables, testable and measurable.

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What's an abstract in a research article?

A brief summary presenting the study's background, purpose, design, methods, results, conclusion, and discussion.

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What's the introduction in a research article?

This section explains the study's purpose, research question, and provides a literature review. It places the study in context of previous research.

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What's the methods section in a research article?

This section details the study's methodology, enabling its replication by other researchers.

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What are the results/findings section in a research article?

This section presents the analyzed results, showing the data without interpretation. Qualitative or quantitative data may be presented.

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What's the conclusion/discussion section in a research article?

This section interprets the results, addressing the research question and drawing conclusions based on the findings.

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What are the references in a research article?

This section lists all sources referenced in the research article, providing citations for further reading.

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What's an observational study?

This research design involves observing a group exposed to a specific factor and comparing outcomes to a control group.

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What is the null hypothesis?

The commonly accepted fact in a research study. It assumes there is no relationship between two variables. Researchers aim to disprove this assumption.

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What is an independent variable?

The factor that is changed or manipulated by the researcher. It is the 'cause' in a cause-and-effect relationship.

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What is a dependent variable?

The factor that is measured or observed in a research study. It is the 'effect' in a cause-and-effect relationship.

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What is a confounding variable?

A variable that might influence the dependent variable, but is not the main focus of the research. Can be controlled or tested in a high-quality study.

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What is a controlled variable?

Variables that you keep constant throughout the research study to ensure that only the independent variable's effect is measured.

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What is an alternative hypothesis?

A statement that suggests a relationship between two variables or proposes an explanation for a phenomenon. It contradicts the null hypothesis.

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What is the goal of hypothesis testing?

Researchers don't prove an alternative hypothesis but rather disprove the null hypothesis. They aim to find evidence that contradicts the null.

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Why would a researcher use a null hypothesis?

It's a statement that says you should expect no difference between groups (or no effect of a treatment) if the null hypothesis is true. It is a starting point for conducting research to see if you can prove it wrong.

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Correlation Study

A study that analyzes existing data about groups of people to explore potential associations. However, it cannot directly prove cause and effect.

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Before/After study with a Control Group

A study that compares a group that receives a treatment to a group that doesn't, to assess the treatment's effectiveness. It is a stronger design than a before/after study because it includes a control group.

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Case Report

A study that examines the journey of a single patient and provides a detailed description of their care and outcomes. It can be the basis for a hypothesis but doesn't prove causation.

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Case Series

A study that combines the case reports of several similar patients, potentially providing the first indication of a new phenomenon.

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Anecdote

A brief and informal account of an individual or an incident. It doesn't provide enough evidence to prove cause and effect.

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Before/After Study without a Control Group

A study that examines a group of patients who receive a specific treatment. It often occurs in a practitioner's own practice setting. However, it lacks a control group for comparison, making it less reliable.

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Correlation does NOT equal Causation

Not actual evidence, as causation cannot be proven.

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Experimental Explanatory Study

A study that involves a practitioner collecting data and providing treatment to a series of patients, often in their own practice. This method is less rigorous than a randomized controlled trial.

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Quantitative Study

A study that uses numbers and measurements to investigate a phenomenon. It often assumes a cause-and-effect relationship, but it can overlook subjective experiences.

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Study Notes

Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP)

  • EIP is a triad: best available research evidence, professional/clinical expertise, and client values/individualized needs.
  • More reliable research evidence leads to more confident clinical decisions.
  • Evidence alone isn't sufficient for clinical decisions.
  • Following EIP standards improves treatment effectiveness, insurance plan support, professional standardization, and reputation.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Methods

  • Quantitative methods assume a single, measurable reality and linear cause-and-effect. Researchers manipulate variables and control the environment; focus on ruling out other explanations. Use statistics to show low probability of chance, aiming for reproducible outcomes.
  • Qualitative methods accept multiple interpretations of reality; not reliant on a single reality or linear cause-and-effect. Natural observation is prioritized, with the observer being part of the process. Data in these studies is often collected via interviews, direct observation, and documents.

Descriptive vs. Explanatory Studies

  • Descriptive studies describe a group/sample without exploring beyond it. They often form hypotheses, even though they lack strong evidence and controls. Provide detail for refining explanatory studies. Examples include case studies, case series, correlation studies, and qualitative studies.
  • Explanatory studies attempt generalized statements about a population. These studies often test a hypothesis to see if an intervention helps a population. They create stronger cause-and-effect evidence than descriptive studies and are divided into observational and experimental approaches.

Observational Explanatory Studies

  • Prospective, longitudinal, observational studies, observe a group (cohort) over time to examine relationships between treatment and outcomes. Outcomes haven't yet occurred, and time spans are often long.
  • Pros: strong observational evidence of relationships (between treatments/risk factors and outcomes).
  • Cons: time-consuming and expensive; high rate of participant attrition.

Experimental Explanatory Studies

  • A practitioner may determine a hypothesis and follow eligibility criteria plus methods to collect and assess patients' outcomes (example of an experimental case series).
  • Limitations compared to Before/After with Control: weaker evidence due to the lack of a control group, potentially overestimating treatment effects; and data subjectivity and optimistic patient responses.

Descriptive Study

  • Case studies often form a basis for hypotheses.
  • Case series represent similar cases, often identifying new phenomena.
  • Anecdotes are weak evidence compared to studies; insufficient rationale, specific details, and exploratory nature.
  • Correlation studies analyze population surveys with existing data, showing associations (not causation).

Research Article Components

  • Abstract: Summaries background, purpose, design, methods, results, conclusion, and implications.
  • Introduction: Importance, research questions, and literature review.
  • Methods: Study procedures that allow for replications by other scientists.
  • Results: Qualitative or quantitative analysis (without supporting or dismissing a hypothesis).
  • Conclusion/Discussion: Interpretation of research results; often with cited support for claims.
  • References: Sources consulted when writing research article.

Hypothesis and Variables

  • Hypothesis: testable prediction about how things work. Often includes independent (variable being changed) and dependent variables (variables being measured).
  • Null hypothesis: assumes no relationship—often a starting point for research.
  • Independent variable: cause or influencer.
  • Dependent variable: effect; what is measured.
  • Confounding variable: affects the dependent but isn't the independent variable.
  • Controlled variable: kept constant.

Experimental Designs

  • Between-subjects designs: different participants in each group.
  • Within-subjects designs: same participants in each group.
  • Mixed designs: combine both between and within-subject components.

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Module 1 – Notes PDF

Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP), emphasizing the importance of integrating research evidence, clinical expertise, and client values in decision-making. It also distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative research methods, highlighting their unique approaches to understanding reality. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in evidence-based practice.

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