Evidence-Informed Practice and Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

Which section of a research article provides a concise overview of the study, including its background, methods, and key findings?

  • Abstract (correct)
  • Introduction
  • Conclusion/Discussion
  • Methods

The primary purpose of the Methods section in a research article is to:

  • Interpret the results and draw conclusions
  • Present the background and rationale for the study
  • Summarize the main findings of the study
  • Provide a detailed account of how the research was conducted (correct)

Which part of a research paper includes an explanation of the significance of the results in relation to the research question?

  • Results/Findings
  • Conclusion/Discussion (correct)
  • Introduction
  • Methods

Which section of a research article would include a literature review and the study's research question?

<p>Introduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criteria must a hypothesis meet?

<p>It must be something that can be tested through analysis of empirical data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of a study that describes an association between an exposure and an outcome?

<p>They are simple and quick to conduct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Results section in a research article?

<p>To objectively describe the study's data analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the Methods section to be reproducible?

<p>To allow replication of the findings by different researchers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP)?

<p>Best available research evidence, professional expertise, client values and individualized needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insufficient on its own to make clinical decisions?

<p>Research evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of Registered Massage Therapists (RMTs) following evidence-informed standards of care?

<p>Treatments become more standardized among members of the profession (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumption behind quantitative research methods?

<p>There is a uniform reality that can be observed, measured, and expressed numerically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is often used to develop a testable hypothesis?

<p>Qualitative analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do both quantitative and qualitative methods assess about a study?

<p>The study's credibility in terms of reliability and validity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that quantitative methods assume?

<p>Linear cause and effect relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between quantitative and qualitative study methods?

<p>They both have limitations, but are useful in scientific research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study is primarily used to generate a hypothesis, rather than test one?

<p>Descriptive study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a null hypothesis typically assume?

<p>There is no relationship between two variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates explanatory studies from descriptive studies?

<p>Explanatory studies seek to make generalized statements about a population based on a studied sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an independent variable?

<p>The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is considered an observational explanatory study?

<p>Cohort study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of a researcher when examining a null hypothesis?

<p>To reject or disprove the null hypothesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of descriptive studies compared to explanatory studies?

<p>Descriptive studies generally have weaker evidence due to a lack or control or comparison groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a variable that researchers aim to keep consistent throughout a study?

<p>A controlled variable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a cohort study, what does 'prospective' mean?

<p>The outcome of interest has not yet occurred (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable?

<p>The height of plants after a period of time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an experimental explanatory study?

<p>Before and after treatment study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a study is looking at the effect of different types of fertilizer on plant growth, what would be a confounding variable?

<p>The amount of sunlight the plants receive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of a null hypothesis?

<p>It is a commonly accepted fact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of research questions in explanatory studies?

<p>To provide evidence about treatment efficacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment examining the effect of music on test scores, what would be the independent variable?

<p>The music played. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an experimental study involves the analysis of differences in outcomes before and after a specific treatment, which type of study is it?

<p>Before and after treatment study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of a cohort study?

<p>They are generally time-consuming and costly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is most susceptible to overestimating treatment effects due to the absence of a comparison group?

<p>Before/after study without control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of a case report?

<p>It helps in the formation of a new hypothesis and report adverse effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a case report and a case series?

<p>Case series looks at several individual cases, case reports focus on just one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research designs is considered descriptive rather than experimental?

<p>Correlation study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An anecdote is considered the weakest form of evidence because:

<p>It lacks rationale, detail, and exploration of cause and effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation in before-and-after studies without controls?

<p>Subjectivity in data collection leading to bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to observe if a new drug for blood pressure is effective. Which type of study design is most appropriate to avoid treatment effects being overestimated, using a control?

<p>Before/after study with control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study type can be useful for identifying emerging trends, but may not establish causality?

<p>Case series. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research designs is most susceptible to attrition?

<p>Cohort study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of quantitative research methods?

<p>Focus on ruling out rival explanations for observed outcomes using controlled settings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of qualitative research methods?

<p>To explore complex phenomena in their natural settings, making the observer part of the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In quantitative research, what is the role of controlling variables and environment?

<p>To minimize the impact of confounding variables and strengthen the cause-and-effect relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the approach of qualitative methods to the concept of reality?

<p>Any single observation influences what is being observed and multiple realities may exist and be valid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data collection is most commonly associated with qualitative research?

<p>Interviews, observations, and documents for rich narrative-based data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of descriptive studies?

<p>To describe the characteristics of a specific group/sample/population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key attribute of cause-and-effect relationships in qualitative research?

<p>There is no assumption of linear causality with multiple factors influencing outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In quantitative research, what is the role of statistics?

<p>To test the probability of an outcome happening by chance, and establish a level of proof. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP)

Incorporating the best available research evidence, clinician expertise, and individual patient needs to inform clinical decisions.

Core Principle of EIP: Research Evidence

The quality and reliability of research findings influence the confidence in clinical decisions.

Core Principle of EIP: Evidence is Not Enough

Research evidence alone is insufficient for making clinical decisions. Clinician expertise and patient values are equally crucial.

Benefits of EIP for RMTs

Following EIP standards leads to more effective treatments, increased insurance coverage, greater professional standardization, and enhanced reputation in the healthcare community.

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Quantitative Research Methods

Research methods that involve numerical data and statistical analysis. Focuses on quantifiable measurements and identifying patterns or relationships.

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Qualitative Research Methods

Research methods exploring in-depth, subjective experiences and perspectives using non-numerical data like interviews or observations.

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Value of Both Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Both quantitative and qualitative methods have limitations, but both are valuable for scientific research.

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Dominance of Quantitative Methods in Healthcare

Most healthcare research utilizes quantitative methods, using numerical data for analysis.

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Quantitative Research

A research approach where researchers manipulate variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships. It involves controlling the environment and participants, minimizing confounding variables, and utilizing statistical methods to assess the probability of chance.

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Confounding Variables

Factors that could influence the outcome of a study but are not the primary focus of investigation, potentially affecting the results.

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Probability of Chance

The likelihood that a study's findings were due to chance rather than the treatment or intervention.

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Qualitative Research

A research approach that focuses on understanding the meaning and context of human experiences, using observational and interpretive methods.

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Observer Effect

The idea that the act of observing something can influence what is being observed, creating a dynamic relationship between the researcher and the subject.

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Multiple Realities

The belief that there is no single, objective truth, and that different individuals may have different realities based on their perspectives and experiences.

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Descriptive Studies

Research that aims to provide detailed descriptions of groups, samples, or populations without seeking to explain or test a theory.

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Explanatory Studies

Research that aims to explain relationships between variables, test hypotheses, and explore underlying causes.

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Cohort Study

A type of explanatory study that observes groups of individuals sharing a similar characteristic or exposure, tracking them over time to see the relationship between the characteristic and a specific outcome.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A study that collects data from participants at a single point in time to examine the relationship between variables, without following them over time.

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Case-Control Study

A study that compares two groups of individuals, one with the outcome of interest and one without, looking back to see if the groups differ in exposure to a specific factor.

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Cohort Study

A study that follows a group of individuals over time to see if there is a relationship between exposure to a variable and the development of a particular outcome.

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Experimental Studies

Studies that aim to determine the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing outcomes between groups receiving the intervention and those who don't.

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Clinical Trial

A type of experimental study that involves randomly assigning participants to receive either the intervention or a control condition, and measuring the difference in outcomes between the groups.

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Before/After Study

A type of study where observations are made before and after an intervention or treatment is applied to a group of patients.

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Experimental Explanatory Study

A study where a group of patients receive a specific intervention or treatment, while a control group does not. This allows researchers to compare outcomes between the two groups.

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Case Report

A detailed account of a single patient's experience with an illness or treatment.

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Case Series

A collection of individual case reports involving similar patients.

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Anecdote

A non-scientific observation or story about a single person or event. It is not considered evidence because it lacks a controlled comparison and rigorous methodologies.

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Correlation Study

A study that examines the relationship between two or more variables using existing data. It does not prove causation - only a correlation between the variables. It cannot establish cause and effect.

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Natural History Study

A study where patients with similar conditions are followed over time without any intervention. This allows researchers to observe the natural course of the disease.

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Attrition

The loss of participants from a study over time due to various factors like dropping out, death, or relocation.

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Generalizability

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings, such as different ages, genders, or geographic locations.

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Hypothesis

A statement that can be proven true or false through research.

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Observational Study

A study design that investigates the relationship between an exposure and an outcome.

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Abstract

A section in a research paper that summarizes the entire study, highlighting the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.

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Introduction

The section of a research paper that explains the study's purpose, the research question, and why it's important.

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Methods

The section of a research paper that details how the study was conducted, allowing other researchers to replicate the study.

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Results/Findings

The section of a research paper that presents the data collected and analyzed.

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Conclusion/Discussion

The section of a research paper where the implications of the results are discussed.

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References

A list of resources and references consulted during the writing of the research paper.

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Independent Variable

A variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in a study, and its value is expected to change in response to the independent variable.

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Null Hypothesis

A statement that there is no relationship between two variables, meaning controlling one has no effect on the other.

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Alternate Hypothesis

An alternative explanation for the observed phenomenon, challenging the null hypothesis and proposing a relationship between variables.

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Controlled Variable

A variable kept constant or unchanged throughout the study to minimize its influence on the dependent variable.

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Disproving the Null Hypothesis

The researcher aims to disprove the null hypothesis rather than directly proving the alternate hypothesis.

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Study Notes

Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP)

  • EIP is a triad combining best available research evidence, professional expertise, and client values/needs.
  • Better research evidence leads to more confidence in clinical decisions.
  • Evidence alone is insufficient for clinical decisions.
  • Evidence-informed practice improves treatment effectiveness, insurance plan support, standardization, and reputation.

Research Methods

  • Quantitative Methods: Assume uniform reality, measurable, linear cause-and-effect.
    • Researchers manipulate treatment, control variables, and use statistics to rule out chance.
    • Focus on controlling variables to ensure reproducibility.
  • Qualitative Methods: Acknowledge observation's impact on the observed.
    • No single reality assumption.
    • Multiple factors can influence outcomes.
    • Emphasis on natural settings.
    • Data collected via interviews, observation, and documents.
  • Descriptive Studies: Describe a group/sample.
    • Don't test theories.
    • Form hypotheses.
    • Provide detailed information for explanatory studies.
  • Explanatory Studies: Test hypotheses and explain cause-and-effect relationships.
    • Use observational (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort) or experimental (before-after, clinical trials) methods.
    • Observational Studies: Prospective, longitudinal, examine treatment/risk relationships.
      • Cohort studies follow groups over time.
      • Pros: Strong evidence of relationships.
      • Cons: Time-consuming, expensive, high attrition.
    • Experimental Studies: Determine hypothesis; collect data from patients; measure outcomes.
      • May overestimate treatment effect.
      • Less generalizable findings.
      • Before/After with Control: Stronger than those without a control group.

Components of Research Articles

  • Abstract: Summary (background, purpose, design, methods, results, conclusion, discussion).
  • Introduction: Purpose/importance, research question, background/literature review.
  • Methods: Detailed description of the study process. Should be replicable.
  • Results/Findings: Data analysis; objective; neither supports nor dismisses hypothesis.
  • Conclusion/Discussion: Interpretation of results, discussion, citation of other studies.
  • References: Listing of consulted research.

Hypotheses

  • Hypothesis: Testable and measurable educated guess on how things work.
  • Null Hypothesis: Opposite of the alternate hypothesis; commonly accepted fact. Researchers work to disproven it instead of proving the alternate.
  • Research does not prove hypotheses, but rather disproves null hypotheses.

Variables

  • Independent Variable: The cause (influenced, manipulated).
  • Dependent Variable: Effect (being measured). Depends on the independent variable.
  • Confounding Variable: Variable other than the independent variable that influences the dependent. Should be controlled.
  • Controlled Variable: Constant variable(s).

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Module 1 – Notes PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of Evidence-Informed Practice (EIP) and various research methods used in the field. Learn about the integration of research evidence, professional expertise, and client values in clinical decisions. Additionally, understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, along with descriptive studies.

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