Evidence for DNA as Genetic Material

<p>Bacteriophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects the viral RNA or DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have the same length and centromere position. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only diploid cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonsense Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frameshift mutations that alter the reading frame. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a natural virus defense in bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors during DNA replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silent Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids are sequentially added to the polypeptide chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substitution Mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It base-pairs with mRNA to start translation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis results in four cells, while mitosis produces two cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It randomizes the separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of recombinant chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aids in the attachment of homologous chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis leads to genetic diversity in gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are haploid and genetically distinct from each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It adds variety to the genetic makeup of offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It holds sister chromatids together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell undergoes significant growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of a cleavage furrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate checkpoints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can metastasize to distant sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sister chromatids are separated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells are metabolically inactive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate progress through the cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells with damaged DNA are prevented from dividing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain 46 chromosomes in humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One gene–one enzyme hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unwinding, binding, synthesizing, proofreading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate ribosome binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direction of synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent DNA strands from re-pairing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterochromatin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of adenines equals the number of thymines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They protect chromosomes from degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate the direction of DNA synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In an antiparallel direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A change in an organism's genetic makeup and visible traits caused by the uptake of external DNA.

A virus that infects bacteria.

Hershey and Chase's experiments confirmed DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in viruses.

In DNA, the amount of adenine (A) equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) equals the amount of cytosine (C).

The percentages of bases (A, T, G, and C) differ between species.

A type of reproduction where two parents contribute genetic material to produce offspring with unique combinations of genes.

A type of reproduction where a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical copies of itself.

The union of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.

Specialized reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that contain half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell.

The series of stages that occur in an organism's reproductive history, from the creation of a new individual to the production of its own offspring.

A display of an organism's chromosomes arranged in pairs based on size and shape.

Two chromosomes in a pair that have the same length, centromere position, and genes, but may have different alleles.

A type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

The division of the cytoplasm after nuclear division, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.

The longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.

The first gap phase of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out its normal metabolic activities.

The synthesis phase of interphase, where the cell replicates its DNA, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome.

The second gap phase of interphase, where the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis, ensuring all the necessary components for division are ready.

The first stage of mitosis, characterized by the condensation of chromosomes, disappearance of the nucleoli, and formation of the mitotic spindle.

The stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules attach to kinetochores, and chromosomes begin to move towards the metaphase plate.

The stage of mitosis where the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, a plane equidistant from the two poles of the spindle.

The stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

The final stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the nucleoli reappear.

The indentation of the plasma membrane during cytokinesis in animal cells, resulting in the separation of the two daughter cells.

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during Prophase I of meiosis.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I, facilitated by the synaptonemal complex.

The random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs at metaphase I, ensuring genetic variation.

Chromosomes resulting from crossing over, containing genetic material from both parents.

The random union of sperm and egg, contributing to genetic variation in offspring.

The diversity of genetic information within populations, arising from meiosis and fertilization.

Having a single set of chromosomes (n).

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n).

A change in a single nucleotide-pair of a gene. It's like a typo in the DNA code.

A point mutation that alters a codon but still translates to the same amino acid. No change in the protein sequence.

A point mutation that changes one amino acid to another, potentially affecting the protein's function.

A point mutation that turns a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon, prematurely ending protein synthesis.

Insertions or deletions of nucleotides in a gene that shift the reading frame, altering the translation of all subsequent codons.

Agents like radiation or chemicals that can cause mutations by damaging DNA.

Targeting specific genes in a predictable way, allowing for precise modifications to DNA.

A system for gene editing using a bacterial protein, Cas9, which cuts DNA at specific locations.

CRISPR-Cas9 evolved in bacteria to defend against viruses, acting as a defense system against viral infections.

CRISPR technology has revolutionary potential in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are nitrogenous bases with two organic rings.

Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are nitrogenous bases with a single organic ring.

Each daughter DNA molecule contains one original strand from the parent molecule and one newly synthesized strand.

The Y-shaped region where the parental DNA strands separate and are unwound during replication.

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication.

The new DNA strand synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction towards the replication fork.

The new DNA strand synthesized discontinuously in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) in the 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.

Short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand, later joined together to form a complete strand.

Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect the ends from degradation and prevent them from fusing with other chromosomes.

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins, including the two stages: transcription and translation.