38 Questions
What is the primary purpose of using bacteriophage T-2 in the experiments?
To determine the hereditary molecule
What is the result of centrifugation in the experiment?
Pellet formation with radiolabel
What is the central dogma?
The pathway from DNA to RNA to protein
What is the purpose of transcription in gene expression?
To yield a ribonucleic acid copy of specific genes
What is the product of replication?
DNA
What is the composition of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
A nucleoside has a sugar and a base, while a nucleotide has a sugar, base, and phosphate
What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
A double helix
What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in translation?
To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
What is the result of DNA replication?
The creation of an identical DNA molecule
What is the role of DnaC in the initiation of DNA replication?
To load helicase in the form of DNA B and bring it to the origin of replication
What is the outcome of the binding of DnaA protein to the DNAa box?
A conformational change in the DNA strand, causing it to bend
What is the purpose of single-stranded DNA binding proteins in DNA replication?
To hold the unwound DNA strands apart
What is the function of DnaG in DNA replication?
To lay down the initial RNA primers
What is the result of the activity of DNA polymerase 3 during elongation?
The synthesis of a continuous leading strand and a discontinuous lagging strand
What is the characteristic of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
It is synthesized discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in mRNA?
To align the ribosome machinery to the correct starting location
What is the function of initiation factors in bacteria?
To help form the initiation complex
What is the difference between the initiator tRNA in bacteria and archaea/eukaryotes?
Bacteria use N-formylmethionine-tRNA, while archaea/eukaryotes use methionine-tRNA
When does the initiation of translation begin in bacteria?
When the initiator codon binds to the 16S rRNA
What is the purpose of the formyl group added to the amino side of methionine in bacteria?
To block the addition of other amino acids to the carboxy terminus
Why is the initiation complex formed only when there is mRNA in the environment that needs to be translated?
To prevent energy waste
What feature of bacteria makes them ideal for genetic manipulation?
Simple genome
What is the purpose of using auxotrophs in genetic experiments?
To observe genetic manipulations
What is the advantage of using bacteria in genetic experiments compared to eukaryotic organisms?
Bacteria have a simpler genome and grow quickly
What is the purpose of screening in genetic experiments?
To look for changes in phenotype
What is the purpose of using a selective medium in genetic experiments?
To inhibit the growth of microbes lacking the desired gene
What is the purpose of blue-white screening in genetic experiments?
To insert a gene of interest and block a particular pathway
What is the primary function of transposase in mobile genetic elements?
To recognize and cut specific DNA sequences during transposition
What is the characteristic of a simple transposon?
It contains only the gene for the enzyme transposase with inverted repeats
What is the result of a transposon inserting into a gene?
The gene is mutated, and its function may be altered
What is the role of resolvase in replicative transposition?
It resolves the cointegrate structure formed during replicative transposition
What is the term for the process by which transposons move from one location to another in the genome?
Transposition
What is the characteristic of a replicative transposon?
It makes a copy of itself in the genome during transposition
What is the role of inverted repeats in transposons?
They serve as recognition sites for transposase
What is the effect of a transposon carrying a promoter or activator?
It turns on nearby genes
What is the role of transposons in plasmid evolution?
They are involved in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between plasmids
What is the term for the process by which F factors integrate into the host chromosome?
Integration
Learn about the famous Hershey-Chase experiment that proved DNA is the genetic material in bacteria. Understand how the researchers used bacteriophages to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule.
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