Evidence-based Medicine - EBM 1 & 2 Lecture Series

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Questions and Answers

Which type of pain scale is considered only suitable for acute pain?

  • Likert scale
  • Numeric rating scale
  • Multi-dimensional pain inventory
  • Visual analog scale (correct)

What is the critical appraisal question listed that pertains to the randomness of subject group assignments in a study?

  • Is assignment to groups truly random? (correct)
  • Does the study address a clearly focused question (PICOt)?
  • Is the intervention the only difference between groups?
  • Are subjects and assessors blind?

In the context of clinical trials, what does statistical significance NOT represent?

  • Assessing the risk that a difference was due to chance
  • Indicating a clinical difference
  • Determining the truth (correct)
  • A requirement for determining clinical significance

Which type of pain scale includes scales like the brief pain inventory and the McGill pain questionnaire?

<p>Multi-dimensional pain inventory (B)</p>
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What percentage reduction in the Visual Analog Scale or Numeric Rating scale is considered an example of clinically significant pain relief?

<p>30% (A)</p>
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In a study comparing two treatments, what does a p value of 0.05 indicate?

<p>High risk of chance differences between treatments (D)</p>
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According to Dr. Nicola Tyers, what is the definition of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) provided by David Sackett?

<p>The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. (A)</p>
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What is the primary focus of the second lecture in the Evidence-Based Medicine seminar series?

<p>Calculating numbers and pharmacoeconomics. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a learning objective of the first lecture in the Evidence-Based Medicine series?

<p>Understanding the principles of randomized controlled trials. (C)</p>
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What does the acronym PICO stand for in the context of Evidence-Based Medicine?

<p>Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome. (B)</p>
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What is the difference between statistical significance and clinical significance?

<p>Statistical significance refers to the probability that a result occurred by chance, while clinical significance refers to the practical importance of a result. (C)</p>
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Which type of evidence is considered the highest level in the hierarchy of evidence used in guidelines?

<p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (C)</p>
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What is the key component of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) when it comes to assessing study design?

<p>Critical appraisal of study design (C)</p>
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In the context of research studies, what does the mnemonic PICO(t) stand for?

<p>Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome Measures, Time period (D)</p>
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What distinguishes Patient Oriented Outcomes (POOs) from Disease Oriented Outcomes (DOOs)?

<p>POOs focus on patient scores like pain scores while DOOs measure physiological parameters like BP. (C)</p>
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Why is critical appraisal of study design essential in research?

<p>To determine if a well-designed study has lower risk for bias. (B)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of using checklists when evaluating research studies?

<p>To evaluate how well a study has been designed, carried out, and reported. (A)</p>
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Why is it important for outcomes to be both statistically AND clinically significant in research studies?

<p>To provide evidence that the intervention improves patient health outcomes significantly. (C)</p>
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What is the main purpose of published studies in the context of evidence-based medicine?

<p>To assess the effectiveness of interventions and inform recommendations (A)</p>
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Which organization is responsible for assessing efficacy, safety, quality, and issuing product licenses for new medicinal products in the UK?

<p>MHRA (D)</p>
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Which type of study is considered the 'gold standard' in evidence-based medicine?

<p>Randomised controlled trial (RCT) (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of critical appraisal in evidence-based medicine?

<p>To assess the quality and relevance of published studies (A)</p>
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Which type of evidence is ranked highest in the NICE Evidence Grading system?

<p>I Evidence from a single RCT or a meta-analysis of RCTs (B)</p>
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What is the main purpose of NICE guidelines in the context of evidence-based medicine?

<p>To assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions and inform recommendations (A)</p>
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What is the main purpose of the MHRA in the context of evidence-based medicine?

<p>To evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medicinal products (A)</p>
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Which type of study involves collecting data from a whole population at a single point in time?

<p>Cross-sectional study (D)</p>
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Which type of study involves comparing patients who have had a treatment to patients who have not had the treatment, in a retrospective manner?

<p>Case control study (C)</p>
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Which type of study involves comparing patients receiving a treatment to patients who are not receiving the treatment, in a prospective manner?

<p>Cohort study (A)</p>
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