31 Questions
In research studies, which term is used to describe the risk factor whose effect is being studied?
Exposure
Which term refers to a measurable attribute that varies across study units?
Variable
Which type of study design assesses the relationship between two variables without any intervention by the researcher?
Observational study
What is the variable that develops as a consequence of the exposure or intervention in a research study?
Outcome
In the context of causative variables in research, does 'intervention' refer to a variable that occurs naturally or is implemented by the researcher?
Implemented by researcher
In an experimental study, what are the variables that are deliberately manipulated or introduced by the researcher?
Intervention and outcome
In analytic studies, what is the main focus?
Establishing causal relationships between exposure and outcome
What is the primary purpose of cross-sectional study design?
Measuring one variable in a population at a particular time
In which study design are participants followed up over a period of time to determine the occurrence of outcomes?
Prospective trial
What is the distinguishing feature of retrospective studies?
The outcome of interest has already occurred
Which directionality applies to cohort studies?
Forward-direction
What is the key characteristic of interventional studies?
Being prospective trials
What is the primary focus of descriptive studies?
(C) Describing the data on characteristics of a group without establishing relationships
What is the distinguishing feature of forward-direction in analytic studies?
(C) Attempt to establish causal relationships between exposure and outcome
(A) What does prospective trial research involve?
(A) In which study design is measurement of one variable in a population at a particular time done?
What is the variable that develops as a consequence of the exposure (or intervention) in a research study?
Dependent variable
In the context of causative variables in research, does 'intervention' refer to a variable that occurs naturally or is implemented by the researcher?
Implemented by the researcher
Which type of study design assesses the relationship between two variables without any intervention by the researcher?
Observational study
What is the primary purpose of cross-sectional study design?
To measure one variable in a population at a particular time
Which term refers to a measurable attribute that varies across study units?
Independent variable
In an analytic study, what is the primary focus?
Establishing causal relationships between an exposure and an outcome
Which study design involves measurement of one variable in a population at a particular time?
Cross-sectional study
In research studies, what term is used to describe the risk factor whose effect is being studied?
Exposure
What distinguishes forward-direction in analytic studies?
Attempt to establish causal relationships
In which type of study design are participants followed up over a period of time to determine the occurrence of outcomes?
Cohort study
What is the key characteristic of interventional studies?
The variables are manipulated or introduced by the researcher
What is the distinguishing feature of retrospective studies?
The outcome of interest has already occurred
'Prospective' trials involve:
Participants being followed up over a period of time to determine outcomes
'Retrospective' studies involve:
'Snapshot' measurement of one variable in a population at a particular time
'Cross-sectional' study design involves:
'Snapshot' measurement of one variable in a population at a particular time
Test your knowledge about study designs and important definitions in evidence-based dentistry. Learn about variables, exposure/intervention, and relationships between variables.
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