Evidence-Based Dentistry Lecture 2
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary advantage of case studies in research?

  • They are less resource-intensive than other methods
  • They offer a large sample size for statistical analysis
  • They can generate hypotheses about causal relationships (correct)
  • They provide quantitative data for broader studies

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of case studies?

  • Biased sampling
  • Limited generalizability
  • Resources intensive
  • Short study duration (correct)

What should be established first when writing a case report?

  • Identify the target audience
  • Select a case (correct)
  • Build a theoretical framework
  • Analyze the data

Which type of study design is characterized by its qualitative approach to in-depth exploration?

<p>Case study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way should a case study be connected to theoretical frameworks?

<p>It should integrate with existing knowledge on the topic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of descriptive studies within epidemiological research?

<p>Documenting and describing health phenomena (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epidemiological study is a case-control study classified as?

<p>Analytical study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of systematic reviews in the context of research studies?

<p>They combine results from multiple studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential aim of conducting a case study?

<p>To exemplify, expand, or challenge a theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a cohort study?

<p>Incidence of disease is compared between exposed and unexposed groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a primary limitation of case series studies?

<p>They can lead to selection bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cross-sectional study primarily assess?

<p>Prevalence of a disease at a single point in time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common advantage of conducting a cohort study?

<p>Generates hypotheses based on observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation that affects cross-sectional studies?

<p>They can be time-bound and do not measure changes over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of case series?

<p>Including control groups for comparison (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of case studies compared to other research methods?

<p>They often rely on anecdotal evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of cohort studies?

<p>They are not suitable for studying rare diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a case-control study?

<p>They measure the odds between exposure and health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do cohort studies hold compared to case-control studies?

<p>They can examine multiple outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a retrospective cohort study, how is data typically gathered?

<p>From past clinical records. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common flaw associated with case-control studies?

<p>They cannot assess the temporal relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of cohort studies?

<p>They are inexpensive to conduct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might recall bias be a concern in case-control studies?

<p>Patients may focus on certain risk factors and neglect others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a prospective cohort study?

<p>To investigate risk factors and disease progression over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Case Study

An in-depth study of a single case, individual, or event.

Epidemiological Studies

Studies examining the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.

Descriptive Studies

Studies that describe patterns of health and disease in a population.

Case Series

Collection of case reports about similar health events.

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Observational Studies

Studies that observe and record outcomes without intervention.

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Analytical Studies

Studies that examine relationships between factors and health outcomes.

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Cohort Studies

Observational studies following a group over time.

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Case-Control Studies

Observational studies comparing groups with and without a disease to identify risk factors.

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Case Study Aim

A case study aims to exemplify, expand, or challenge a theory using a specific example, often uncovering new concepts.

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Case Series

A case series tracks patients with similar conditions to observe patterns, new treatments, and outcomes.

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Case Series Advantages

Observational, descriptive, and can be retrospective or prospective. Often a starting point for more rigorous studies

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Case Series Limitations

No control group, selection bias, and confounding factors make cause-and-effect hard to determine.

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Cross-Sectional Study

Studies a population at one time to determine the prevalence of a disease or condition.

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Cross-Sectional Advantages

Efficient, descriptive, and good for hypothesis generation. Useful for ethical studies.

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Cross-Sectional Limitations

Can't establish cause-and-effect, time-bound, and problematic for rare diseases.

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Cohort Study

Observational, analytical study comparing exposure and disease incidence in a group.

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Cohort Study - Definition

Observational study following groups (exposed and unexposed) over time to see disease development.

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Cohort Study - Types

Prospective (future) or retrospective (past) studies. Follows people forward or backward.

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Cohort Study - Usefulness

Good for diseases with long latency (delayed onset) and multiple exposures

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Case-Control Study - Goal

Find the source of disease; estimates the odds of an exposure leading to a health issue.

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Case-Control Study - Method

Compare a group affected by a condition (case) with a healthy group (controls) using matching factors, like age, gender

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Case-Control Study - Limitation

Can't prove cause and effect, relies on accurate recall, prone to recall bias, less valid than cohort studies

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Observational study - Definition

Study that observes and collects data without intervening. No manipulation of variables.

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Observational study - Types

Two key types: Cohort and Case-Control studies.

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Study Notes

Evidence-Based Dentistry - Lecture 2: Introduction to Study Designs

  • Evidence-based dentistry involves using study designs to understand the effectiveness of treatments.

  • Various study designs exist, categorized as observational or experimental.

  • Observational studies involve observing subjects, and do not manipulate anything. They are further subdivided into descriptive and analytical types.

  • Descriptive studies provide a summary of observations without investigating relationships.

  • Analytical studies explore relationships between factors.

  • A case study is a detailed analysis of an individual, group, event, or community. It explores a phenomenon, symptom, or rare drug reaction; it's helpful for hypothesis generation and perspective-building. However, it has limitations including limited generalizability and control, and is resource-intensive.

  • A case series tracks individuals with a similar condition/treatment to potentially find ways to categorize or observe symptoms and outcomes. It is helpful to observe the progression of disease. It has limitations, including no control group, potential selection bias, and confounding factors.

  • A cross-sectional study observes a population at one point in time to measure prevalence, such as a disease's frequency. It can be helpful for hypothesis generation since it is efficient and descriptive. However, it does have limitations, including inability to establish causation, being time-bound, and prevalence bias, making it challenging for rare studies

  • A longitudinal study examines a population over an extended period, tracking changes. This type of study offers significant advantages over other study types since it can be used to observe causation. Some disadvantages of longitudinal studies are that they may be costly and time consuming.

  • A cohort study is an observational, analytical study type that follows a group over time, comparing the incidence of a disease/outcome in exposed and unexposed groups. They can directly investigate risks of disease and the factors contributing to them.

  • A prospective cohort study follows participants from initial data collection for risk factor exposure and outcomes, through to a risk factor leading to the final outcome.

  • A retrospective cohort study is a cohort study in which the outcome has already occurred when the study starts. Data has already been collected for the sample.

  • A case-control study compares individuals with a condition (case) to those without the condition (control). It is a retrospective study that examines odds between exposure and outcomes. Case-control studies are valuable in identifying risk factors for a condition.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of study designs in evidence-based dentistry. Learn about observational and experimental studies, along with their subcategories such as descriptive and analytical studies. Additionally, gain insights into case studies and their role in hypothesis generation despite their limitations.

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