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Questions and Answers
According to TMT, humans' intellectual abilities lead to awareness of invincibility and eternal life, causing potential for debilitating anxiety
According to TMT, humans' intellectual abilities lead to awareness of invincibility and eternal life, causing potential for debilitating anxiety
False (B)
Self-esteem is linked to various psychological and behavioural outcomes.
Self-esteem is linked to various psychological and behavioural outcomes.
True (A)
TMT proposes that the link between self-esteem and protection from anxiety develops in adolescence.
TMT proposes that the link between self-esteem and protection from anxiety develops in adolescence.
False (B)
Research has shown that increasing self-esteem increases anxiety and defensiveness in response to threatening stimuli.
Research has shown that increasing self-esteem increases anxiety and defensiveness in response to threatening stimuli.
Mortality salience has been found to decrease the need for faith in one's worldview.
Mortality salience has been found to decrease the need for faith in one's worldview.
Self-esteem is not related to self-serving biases and social comparisons.
Self-esteem is not related to self-serving biases and social comparisons.
People often adopt cultural worldviews that provide a sense of meaning and disorder.
People often adopt cultural worldviews that provide a sense of meaning and disorder.
TMT has no criticisms despite a lot of research supporting it.
TMT has no criticisms despite a lot of research supporting it.
According to the mortality salience hypothesis, people's reactions to mortality are always negative.
According to the mortality salience hypothesis, people's reactions to mortality are always negative.
Stigma always leads to negative outcomes, including low self-esteem and anxiety.
Stigma always leads to negative outcomes, including low self-esteem and anxiety.
Attributing negative outcomes to prejudice is always a protective strategy for self-esteem.
Attributing negative outcomes to prejudice is always a protective strategy for self-esteem.
Group identification has been linked to increased depression and poor health.
Group identification has been linked to increased depression and poor health.
Realistic Conflict Theory assumes that people's attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members are based on irrational prejudice.
Realistic Conflict Theory assumes that people's attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members are based on irrational prejudice.
Economic competition has been linked to intergroup cooperation.
Economic competition has been linked to intergroup cooperation.
Sherif's classic field experiments provided no empirical support for Realistic Conflict Theory.
Sherif's classic field experiments provided no empirical support for Realistic Conflict Theory.
Criticisms of Sherif's studies have only focused on the methodology, not ethical concerns.
Criticisms of Sherif's studies have only focused on the methodology, not ethical concerns.
Realistic Conflict Theory can only explain conflicts between racial groups.
Realistic Conflict Theory can only explain conflicts between racial groups.
RCT assumes that the interests of two groups always conflict.
RCT assumes that the interests of two groups always conflict.
The Contact Hypothesis was proposed by Sherif in 1954.
The Contact Hypothesis was proposed by Sherif in 1954.
RCTs can oversimplify the causes of intergroup conflict.
RCTs can oversimplify the causes of intergroup conflict.
According to the Contact Hypothesis, equal status is not a necessary condition for reducing intergroup conflict.
According to the Contact Hypothesis, equal status is not a necessary condition for reducing intergroup conflict.
The desegregation of the merchant marine in 1948 showed that increased contact led to more negative racial attitudes.
The desegregation of the merchant marine in 1948 showed that increased contact led to more negative racial attitudes.
A meta-analysis by Pettigrew & Tropp (2006) found a highly significant effect size (r = .23) across 714 independent samples and 250,000 people.
A meta-analysis by Pettigrew & Tropp (2006) found a highly significant effect size (r = .23) across 714 independent samples and 250,000 people.
The Secondary Transfer Effect suggests that contact between two groups can lead to increased prejudice towards other ethnic minorities.
The Secondary Transfer Effect suggests that contact between two groups can lead to increased prejudice towards other ethnic minorities.
The assumption that contact reduces prejudice through reduced ignorance has been widely accepted.
The assumption that contact reduces prejudice through reduced ignorance has been widely accepted.
The typicality of outgroup members in contact situations is not important for generalization.
The typicality of outgroup members in contact situations is not important for generalization.
Positive contact is more potent than negative contact.
Positive contact is more potent than negative contact.
Genocide or the Holocaust is inevitable according to the Contact Hypothesis.
Genocide or the Holocaust is inevitable according to the Contact Hypothesis.
Genocide refers to the act of killing group members of a group with the intention to eliminate the whole group.
Genocide refers to the act of killing group members of a group with the intention to eliminate the whole group.
Mass killing is a type of genocide.
Mass killing is a type of genocide.
The Holocaust resulted in the death of 6 million Jews and 10 million others.
The Holocaust resulted in the death of 6 million Jews and 10 million others.
Ervin Staub's theory on genocide involves four major factors.
Ervin Staub's theory on genocide involves four major factors.
Genocide can occur in the absence of difficult life conditions.
Genocide can occur in the absence of difficult life conditions.
Cultural devaluation of a subgroup is a necessary condition for genocide to occur.
Cultural devaluation of a subgroup is a necessary condition for genocide to occur.
The motivation to harm and kill people increases over time during genocide.
The motivation to harm and kill people increases over time during genocide.
Bystanders are always passive during genocide.
Bystanders are always passive during genocide.
Internal bystanders are always external to the victimized group.
Internal bystanders are always external to the victimized group.
Genocide can be prevented by the actions of internal bystanders.
Genocide can be prevented by the actions of internal bystanders.
Nazi's were concerned about the reaction from the population to their anti-jewish measures, and they expected a strong reaction.
Nazi's were concerned about the reaction from the population to their anti-jewish measures, and they expected a strong reaction.
Social Identity Theory predicts that individuals always engage in social competition to enhance their self-esteem.
Social Identity Theory predicts that individuals always engage in social competition to enhance their self-esteem.
The theory of Social Identity was developed by Hunter and Turner.
The theory of Social Identity was developed by Hunter and Turner.
External bystanders usually intervene to stop the violence.
External bystanders usually intervene to stop the violence.
Devaluing the outgroup is a way to decrease self-esteem.
Devaluing the outgroup is a way to decrease self-esteem.
Social categorization is a neutral process.
Social categorization is a neutral process.
The relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination is always simple and straightforward.
The relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination is always simple and straightforward.
SIT proposes that social mobility is a strategy used when group boundaries are impermeable.
SIT proposes that social mobility is a strategy used when group boundaries are impermeable.
Social Identity Theory always predicts intergroup discrimination as a means of enhancing self-esteem.
Social Identity Theory always predicts intergroup discrimination as a means of enhancing self-esteem.
The Holocaust was widely reported in the media and sparked widespread outrage.
The Holocaust was widely reported in the media and sparked widespread outrage.
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Study Notes
Terror Management Theory (TMT)
- Proposed by Solomon et al. (1991) to explain the human need for self-esteem
- Suggests that self-esteem protects individuals from anxiety, particularly death anxiety
- According to Becker, humans' intellectual abilities lead to awareness of vulnerability and inevitable death, causing potential debilitating anxiety
- To manage this anxiety, people often adopt cultural worldviews that provide a sense of meaning and order
- Self-esteem serves as a buffer against death anxiety, and its development in early childhood is influenced by interactions with parents
Research Supporting TMT
- Greenberg's study: increasing self-esteem reduces anxiety and defensiveness in response to threatening stimuli
- Study: mortality salience (MS) increases the need for faith in one's worldview
Criticisms of TMT
- Questioning the universality of fear of death as a motivating force
- Alternative explanations for MS effects, such as motives for uncertainty reduction, meaning, and belonging
- MS can lead to opposing effects
Stigma and Well-being
- Stigma: any characteristic that marks a person for social devaluation
- Consequences of stigma: negative experiences, including harmful comments, exclusion, and abuse
- Coping strategies: restricting comparisons to within-group members, disengaging from dimensions, and attributing negative outcomes to prejudice
- The Social Cure: group identification can be a source of support and reduce depression, increase control, and improve well-being
Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)
- Defined by Campbell: people's attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members reflect the objective interests of the ingroup
- Assumptions: coinciding interests lead to harmonious relations, conflicting interests lead to hostile relations
- Evidence supporting RCT: explains various conflicts, including economic competition and historical specificity of prejudice
- Criticisms and limitations: methodological issues, oversimplification of causes of intergroup conflict, and assumption of conflict as a zero-sum game
The Contact Hypothesis
- Proposed by Allport (1954): intergroup conflict can be reduced by bringing groups into contact under certain conditions
- Conditions: equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, support of authorities, and acquaintance or friendship potential
- Evidence supporting the Contact Hypothesis: early and recent studies, including meta-analysis, show reduced prejudice through contact
- Criticisms and limitations: assumption of reduced ignorance, generalization of effects, typicality of outgroup members, and negative contact
Genocide and the Holocaust
- Genocide: attempt to exterminate a group by creating conditions leading to its destruction
- Mass killing: killing group members without intention to eliminate the whole group
- Holocaust: 6 million Jews and 5 million others killed
- Factors contributing to genocide: difficult life conditions, certain cultural-societal characteristics, and a continuum of destruction
- Psychological consequences: threat to self-concept, disorganization, and anxiety
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
- Developed by Tajfel and Turner: explains intergroup behavior and discrimination
- Key assumptions: social categorization, formation of social identity, and inherent need to evaluate the self positively
- Evidence supporting SIT: studies show link between social identity and intergroup discrimination
- Criticisms and limitations: complex relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination, alternative strategies, and context-dependent predictions
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