Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of memory involves the ability to recall life events?
What type of memory involves the ability to recall life events?
Which part of working memory is responsible for verbal information processing?
Which part of working memory is responsible for verbal information processing?
What condition involves the inability to form new memories?
What condition involves the inability to form new memories?
Which type of memory is responsible for general knowledge and facts?
Which type of memory is responsible for general knowledge and facts?
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Which type of memory includes skills and habits?
Which type of memory includes skills and habits?
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What phenomenon describes when information is 'almost' recalled but not fully retrieved?
What phenomenon describes when information is 'almost' recalled but not fully retrieved?
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Which component of working memory manages tasks and controls attention?
Which component of working memory manages tasks and controls attention?
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What type of dementia is caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain?
What type of dementia is caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain?
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Which term refers to vivid sensory experiences upon waking?
Which term refers to vivid sensory experiences upon waking?
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What involves explaining the text in your own words to concisely summarize the key points?
What involves explaining the text in your own words to concisely summarize the key points?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for the body's reward system and pleasure sensations?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for the body's reward system and pleasure sensations?
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Which brain structure is primarily involved in regulating emotions?
Which brain structure is primarily involved in regulating emotions?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for motor coordination and is affected in autism?
Which part of the brain is responsible for motor coordination and is affected in autism?
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Which neurotransmitter plays a significant role in the fight-or-flight response?
Which neurotransmitter plays a significant role in the fight-or-flight response?
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What function is most closely associated with the basal ganglia?
What function is most closely associated with the basal ganglia?
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Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory transmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and seizures?
Which neurotransmitter is an inhibitory transmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and seizures?
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Which brain structure is involved in the regulation of behavior, emotions, and hormones?
Which brain structure is involved in the regulation of behavior, emotions, and hormones?
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Which neurotransmitter is known as a natural pain reliever creating a sense of euphoria?
Which neurotransmitter is known as a natural pain reliever creating a sense of euphoria?
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What is an example of a one-dimensional approach in explaining the etiology of psychological disorders?
What is an example of a one-dimensional approach in explaining the etiology of psychological disorders?
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Which term refers to the observable characteristics of an individual?
Which term refers to the observable characteristics of an individual?
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In genetic epidemiology, what type of study involves analyzing the similarity in traits between twins?
In genetic epidemiology, what type of study involves analyzing the similarity in traits between twins?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with relaxation when it is present in high levels?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with relaxation when it is present in high levels?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is linked to mania when at high levels and depression when at low levels?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is linked to mania when at high levels and depression when at low levels?
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Which concept in genetics refers to variations of genes that naturally occur?
Which concept in genetics refers to variations of genes that naturally occur?
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Which neurotransmitter imbalance is specifically related to Huntington's Disease?
Which neurotransmitter imbalance is specifically related to Huntington's Disease?
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Who is identified as the 'proband' in family studies?
Who is identified as the 'proband' in family studies?
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What role do antagonist drugs play in neurotransmitter systems?
What role do antagonist drugs play in neurotransmitter systems?
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Which branch of neuroscience specifically studies the brain to understand behavior?
Which branch of neuroscience specifically studies the brain to understand behavior?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for alertness, arousal, and decision-making?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for alertness, arousal, and decision-making?
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Which brain structure is involved in motor coordination and is associated with abnormalities in autism?
Which brain structure is involved in motor coordination and is associated with abnormalities in autism?
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Which neurotransmitter is known to regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, appetite, and pain?
Which neurotransmitter is known to regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, appetite, and pain?
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Damage to which brain area is associated with changes in posture, twitching, or shaking, and is related to Parkinson's Disease?
Damage to which brain area is associated with changes in posture, twitching, or shaking, and is related to Parkinson's Disease?
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Which part of the brain is involved in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones?
Which part of the brain is involved in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones?
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What role does the hippocampus play in the brain?
What role does the hippocampus play in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with the body's pleasure and reward system, achieving heightened arousal and learning?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the body's pleasure and reward system, achieving heightened arousal and learning?
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Which structure is part of the limbic system that regulates emotions?
Which structure is part of the limbic system that regulates emotions?
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Which brain structure is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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Which neurotransmitter imbalance is most likely to contribute to mood irregularities?
Which neurotransmitter imbalance is most likely to contribute to mood irregularities?
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Which brain structure is crucial for the communication between the right and left hemispheres?
Which brain structure is crucial for the communication between the right and left hemispheres?
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Which area of the brain is significant for attention and emotion?
Which area of the brain is significant for attention and emotion?
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Which of the following brain structures is NOT correctly paired with its associated behavior?
Which of the following brain structures is NOT correctly paired with its associated behavior?
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What does the Hopelessness Theory suggest about a person's expectations?
What does the Hopelessness Theory suggest about a person's expectations?
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Which of the following best describes overgeneralization?
Which of the following best describes overgeneralization?
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What physiological changes are typically associated with fear as part of the fight or flight response?
What physiological changes are typically associated with fear as part of the fight or flight response?
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What does the Beck Hopelessness Scale assess?
What does the Beck Hopelessness Scale assess?
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Which example best illustrates dichotomous thinking?
Which example best illustrates dichotomous thinking?
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What does the term 'introjection' refer to within cognitive theories with psychoanalytic approaches?
What does the term 'introjection' refer to within cognitive theories with psychoanalytic approaches?
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What does the 'cognitive theory of depression' propose about how depression develops?
What does the 'cognitive theory of depression' propose about how depression develops?
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What is the 'false consensus effect'?
What is the 'false consensus effect'?
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How does the 'prepared learning' concept explain certain fears?
How does the 'prepared learning' concept explain certain fears?
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Which statement best describes the 'attributional style'?
Which statement best describes the 'attributional style'?
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What is the term used to describe filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences?
What is the term used to describe filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences?
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Which stage of the General Adaptation to Stress Theory involves the body's fight-or-flight response?
Which stage of the General Adaptation to Stress Theory involves the body's fight-or-flight response?
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What does the primary appraisal in the Stress-Appraisal Theory involve?
What does the primary appraisal in the Stress-Appraisal Theory involve?
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What type of amnesia involves a loss of memory for events that occurred before trauma?
What type of amnesia involves a loss of memory for events that occurred before trauma?
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What term describes the phenomenon where familiar situations appear unfamiliar?
What term describes the phenomenon where familiar situations appear unfamiliar?
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Which memory disorder is characterized by a person having no memory of their own illness?
Which memory disorder is characterized by a person having no memory of their own illness?
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Which strategy involves downplaying the significance of an event or emotion?
Which strategy involves downplaying the significance of an event or emotion?
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In the Three-System Approach to Memory, what is the initial storage of information perceived by the senses?
In the Three-System Approach to Memory, what is the initial storage of information perceived by the senses?
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Which type of memory involves the process of retaining skills and habits?
Which type of memory involves the process of retaining skills and habits?
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Which type of amnesia can result from severely stressful events as part of PTSD?
Which type of amnesia can result from severely stressful events as part of PTSD?
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Which term refers to genetic mechanisms that contribute to the underlying problems causing psychological disorder symptoms?
Which term refers to genetic mechanisms that contribute to the underlying problems causing psychological disorder symptoms?
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What type of genetic study analyzes the similarity in traits between twins?
What type of genetic study analyzes the similarity in traits between twins?
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Which neurotransmitter imbalance is linked to Parkinson's Disease?
Which neurotransmitter imbalance is linked to Parkinson's Disease?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where a neurotransmitter is released, quickly broken down, and brought back to the synaptic cleft?
What is the term for the phenomenon where a neurotransmitter is released, quickly broken down, and brought back to the synaptic cleft?
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What neurotransmitter is most abundant in the brain and plays a role in thinking and learning?
What neurotransmitter is most abundant in the brain and plays a role in thinking and learning?
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Which gene type refers to the naturally occurring variations of genes?
Which gene type refers to the naturally occurring variations of genes?
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Which theoretical approach looks for a systemic cause of psychological disorders?
Which theoretical approach looks for a systemic cause of psychological disorders?
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What is the term for the tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron?
What is the term for the tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron?
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Which neurotransmitter level is linked to mania when high and depression when low?
Which neurotransmitter level is linked to mania when high and depression when low?
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What is the process called when an antagonist drug decreases or blocks the activity of neurotransmitters?
What is the process called when an antagonist drug decreases or blocks the activity of neurotransmitters?
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Study Notes
Evaluating and Understanding Text
- Analysis involves breaking down the text to identify central ideas, supporting arguments, and purpose.
- Considering the author's perspective involves analyzing their point of view and biases.
- Identifying the main idea involves determining the text's key message.
- Analyzing supporting evidence involves examining how the author supports their arguments.
- Determining the purpose involves identifying the text's intended effect on the reader.
- Interpreting the meaning involves explaining the text in your own words to clearly and concisely summarize key points.
- Drawing conclusions involves making inferences based on the text.
- Connecting to other ideas involves relating the text to other concepts learned or read about.
- Considering the text's context involves understanding how the historical or cultural context influences the text.
Types of Memory
Episodic Memory
- Involves remembering events throughout a lifetime.
- Subtypes include:
- Autobiographical memory: remembering life events.
- Retrospective memory: remembering past events.
- Prospective memory: remembering future events.
Semantic Memory
- Involves general knowledge.
- Subtypes include:
- Conceptual memory: knowledge of concepts.
- Procedural memory: knowledge of skills, habits, and how to do things.
- Lexical memory: knowledge of vocabulary.
- Spatial memory: knowledge of the layout of environments.
Implicit Memory
- Involves unconscious or hard-to-recall memories.
- Subtypes include:
- Priming: exposure to a stimulus influences later responses.
- Perceptual learning: improved sensory processing.
- Classical conditioning: associations between stimuli and responses.
Working Memory
- Involves short-term memory used for tasks.
- Subtypes include:
- Central executive: controls attention and manages tasks.
- Phonological loop: stores and processes verbal information.
- Visuospatial sketchpad: stores and processes visual information.
Long-Term Memory
- Involves relatively permanent information storage.
- Subtypes include:
- Declarative memory: consciously accessible information.
- Non-Declarative memory: skills and habits.
Explicit Memory
- Involves consciously retrieved information.
- Subtypes include:
- Recall: retrieving information without cues.
- Recognition: identifying whether information is familiar.
Memory Impairments
- Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories.
- Retrograde amnesia: inability to retrieve memories from the past.
- Transient global amnesia: temporary memory loss, often due to a medical event.
- Dementia: progressive decline in cognitive function.
- Subtypes include:
- Alzheimer's disease: a form of dementia.
- Vascular dementia: caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain.
- Lewy body dementia: symptoms include hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and Parkinson's-like movement problems.
- Subtypes include:
- Hypnopompic: vivid sensory experiences upon waking.
- Hypnagogic: vivid hallucinations upon falling asleep.
- Paramnesia: false memories or distortions of real memories.
- Subtypes include:
- Confabulation: unconsciously filling in gaps in memory with fabricated details.
- Subtypes include:
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
- Theoretical approaches in explaining the etiology of psychological disorders can be one-dimensional (looking for a single cause) or multidimensional (looking for a systemic cause).
Genetic Contributions
- Genes are long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes within a cell nucleus.
- Chromosomes are chain-like structures within a cell nucleus that contain the genes.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes, consisting of 23 pairs, including 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males).
- Dominant and recessive genes affect phenotypes, or observable characteristics, which are influenced by multiple genes or polymorphisms.
- Polymorphisms are naturally occurring variations of genes, and polygenic effects involve multiple genes or multiple polymorphisms.
- Endophenotypes are genetic mechanisms that contribute to underlying problems causing symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders.
- Basic Genetic Epidemiology involves statistical analysis of family, twin, and adoption studies to determine the inheritability of a disorder.
- Advanced Genetic Epidemiology studies the factors that influence a disorder.
- Gene Finding involves identifying the specific gene that influences behavior.
- Molecular Genetics involves biological analysis of individual DNA samples to understand biological processes affected by genes.
Twin Studies
- Twin studies, especially with identical twins, help identify genetic contributions to psychological disorders.
- For example, people with a short allele of the 5-HTT gene who experience severe stressful life events are at greater risk of developing depression.
Epigenetics
- Epigenetic factors, such as new learning or stress, can alter the phenotypic expression of genes.
Biological and Neurological Bases
- Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, especially the brain, to understand behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes.
Neurotransmitter Systems
- Dopamine is associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
- Acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
- Norepinephrine is associated with mania and depression.
- GABA is associated with relaxation and anxiety/OCD.
- Serotonin is associated with mania, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
- Epinephrine is associated with stress and fatigue.
- Glutamate is associated with sleep disorders and Huntington's disease.
- Endorphins are associated with euphoria.
Synapse
- The synapse is a tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.
Agonist, Antagonist, and Inverse Agonist
- An agonist increases the activity of neurotransmitters (excitatory).
- An antagonist decreases or blocks neurotransmitter activity (inhibitory).
- An inverse agonist produces effects opposite to those produced by neurotransmitters.
Reuptake
- Neurotransmitters can be released, broken down, and brought back to the synaptic cleft through reuptake.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands in the body.
Neurotransmitters
- GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter, regulating mood, irritability, sleep, and seizures.
- Serotonin regulates mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, appetite, and pain.
- Dopamine is involved in the body's reward system, pleasure, and learning.
- Epinephrine is responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
- Norepinephrine regulates alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, and focus.
- Endorphins are natural pain relievers.
- Acetylcholine regulates heart rate, blood pressure, gut motility, muscle contraction, memory, motivation, sexual desire, sleep, and learning.
Brain Structures
- The brain stem is the lower and more ancient part of the brain, essential for autonomic functioning.
- The hindbrain contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum, regulating autonomic activities such as breathing and heartbeat.
- The cerebellum controls motor coordination and is associated with autism.
- The midbrain coordinates movements with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activating system.
- The thalamus and hypothalamus are involved in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones.
- The limbic system, including the hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, and amygdala, regulates emotional experiences and expressions, learning, and impulse control.
- The basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, are involved in movement and are associated with Parkinson's disease.
- The cerebral cortex provides human qualities, allowing for thinking, learning, and controlling impulses.
Abnormal Psychology
- Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning assesses an individual's overall functioning
Genetic Contributions
- Genes: carry information inherited from parents, located on chromosomes within the cell nucleus
- Chromosomes: 46 in total, 23 pairs, 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male)
- Genetic Epidemiology: studies the role of genetics in psychological disorders through statistical analysis of family, twin, and adoption studies
- Polygenic: influenced by multiple genes or polymorphisms of genes with small effects
- Endophenotypes: genetic mechanisms contributing to underlying problems causing symptoms of psychological disorders
- Gene Finding: identifies genes influencing behavior
- Molecular Genetics: analyzes individual DNA samples to understand biological processes affected by genes
Twin Studies
- Identical twins: share genetic makeup, used to study genetic influences on psychological disorders
- Adoption Studies: examine behavioral patterns or psychological disorders in adoptees and their biological relatives
Epigenetics
- Factors: affect phenotypic expression of genes, including new learning and stress
Biological and Neurological Bases
- Neuroscience: study of the nervous system, including the brain, to understand behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes
- Neurotransmitter Systems: chemical messengers involved in various physiological and psychological processes
Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine: involved in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and reward system
- Acetylcholine: involved in Alzheimer's disease, muscle contraction, and memory
- Norepinephrine: involved in mania, depression, and attention
- Serotonin: involved in mania, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
- GABA: involved in relaxation, anxiety, and OCD
- Epinephrine: involved in stress and fatigue
- Glutamate: involved in sleep disorders and Huntington's disease
- Endorphins: involved in natural pain relief
Synapse and Neurotransmission
- Synapse: tiny fluid-filled space between neurons
- Agonist: increases neurotransmitter activity
- Antagonist: decreases or blocks neurotransmitter activity
- Inverse Agonist: produces opposite effects of neurotransmitters
- Reuptake: process of neurotransmitter release and breakdown
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
- Hormones: chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
- Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers of the body
Brain Structures and Associated Behaviors
- Corpus Callosum: involved in communication between hemispheres
- Limbic System: involved in attention, emotion, and "fight or flight" response
- Brain Stem: regulates autonomic functions such as breathing and heartbeat
- Hindbrain: contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum, regulating autonomic activities
- Thalamus and Hypothalamus: involved in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones
- Basal Ganglia: involved in posture, movement, and Parkinson's disease
Labeling and Mislabeling
- Labeling: portraying identity based on imperfections and mistakes
- Minimization: downplaying the significance of an event or emotion
- Magnification: exaggerating the effects of one's behaviors
Stress and Coping
- General Adaptation to Stress Theory: understanding the relationship between stressful events and the body's response to stress
- Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory: stress is a two-way process involving production of stressors and individual response to stressors
Memory Disorders
- Anosognosia: no memories of one's own illness
- Confabulation: filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences
- Disorientation: inability to identify time, places, and persons
- De Javu: unfamiliar perceived as familiar
- Jamais Vu: familiar perceived as unfamiliar
- Hypermnesia: increased memory
- Paramnesia: false or perverted memory
- Amnesia: loss of memory
Types of Amnesia
- Biogenic: caused by brain damage or disease
- Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional: caused by psychological trauma, repressed memories
Memory
- Declarative: factual information
- Procedural: skills and habits
- Semantic: general knowledge and facts
- Episodic: events in a particular time, place, or context
Three-System Approach to Memory
- Sensory: initial storage of information
- Short-Term Memory: information temporarily stored
- Long-Term Memory: information stored for an extended period
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Quiz on analyzing and understanding text, including identifying central ideas, author's perspective, and purpose.
