Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• European nations expanded their empires by seizing land from Muslim states
• Political events in this resource-rich regions are still influenced by imperialistic actions form this time

Terms and Names

• Geopolitics is an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
• Crimean War was a conflict fought in 1853 in the Black Sea
• The Suez Canal is a human-made waterway that cut through the isthmus of Suez

Setting the Stage

• European powers who carved up Africa looked to control other lands
• Muslim lands that rimmed the Mediterranean were claimed as a result of Arab and Ottoman conquests.
• The Ottoman Empire stretched from Hungary to Morocco at its peak
• The empire steadily declined in power over 300 years
• Europeans nations competed to gain control of this strategically important area

Ottoman Empire Loses Power

• The declining Ottoman Empire struggled to fit into the modern world
• However, the Ottomans tried to change but could not hold back imperialist powers

Reforms Fail

• After Suleyman I died in 1566, weak sultans followed
• Palace government broke up into quarreling, corrupt factions
• Weakening power brought problems, corruption and theft caused financial loss
• Coinage devalued, causing inflation
• The Ottoman Empire had embraced modern technologies, but then fell behind Europe
• Selim III came into power in 1789 and tried to modernize the army
• Older janissary corps resisted this effort
• Selim III was overthrown, and reform movements were abandoned
• Nationalist feelings began to stir among the Ottoman's subject peoples
• Greece gained independence in 1830 and Serbia gained self-rule
• The Ottomans' weakness became apparent, prompting European powers to look for ways to take Ottoman lands

Europeans Grab Territory

• Geopolitics played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire
• World powers were attracted to its strategic location
• The Ottomans controlled access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic sea trade
• Russia wanted passage for grain exports across the Black Sea and into the Mediterranean
• Russia attempted to win Ottoman or waged war
• Oil discovery in Persia and the Arabian Peninsula focused more attention on the area

Russia and the Crimean War

• Each generation of Russian czars launched a war on the Ottomans to gain land on the Black Sea
• The purpose to give Russia a warm-weather port
• A war broke out in 1853 between the Russians and Ottomans, called the Crimean War
• The Crimean War took place after a peninsula in the Black Sea
• Britain and France wanted to prevent the Russians from gaining control of additional Ottoman lands
• The combined forces of the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France defeated Russia
• The Crimean War was the first war in which women, established their position as army nurses and the first to be covered by newspaper correspondents
• The Crimean War revealed the Ottoman Empire's military weakness
• The Russians aided the Slavic people in the Balkans who rebelled
• The Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and land that became Bulgaria
• The Ottoman Empire was reduced in size and decline by the start of WWI

The Great Game

• Great Britain and Russian engaged in geopolitical struggles
• The "Great Game" was waged over India (one of Britain's most profitable colonies)
• Russia sought to extend its empire and gain access to India's riches
• Britain defended its colony and attempted to spread its empire
• Afghanistan, lay between the Russian and British empires, became the center of the struggle
• Afghanistan was an independent Muslim kingdom in the 1800s.
• Great Britain withdrew from Afghanistan in 1881 after decades of fighting
• In 1921, Britain agreed its empire would not extend beyond the Khyber Pass
• The Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Afghanistan, honored until 1979, when they invaded Afghanistan

Egypt Initiates Reforms

• Some Muslim leaders decided countries should adjust modern world or be consumed, observing the Ottoman Empire's decline
• Egypt initiated political and social reforms to block European domination

Military and Economic Reforms

• Modernization in Egypt came about because of interest from the French occupation
• Egypt's strategic location at the head of the Red Sea was valuable to France and Britain
• Muhammad Ali emerged after Napoleon failed to win Egypt
• The Ottomans sent him to govern Egypt, but he broke away from Ottoman control
• He fought many battles and gained control of Syria and Arabia beginning in 1831
• Through the combined efforts of European powers, Muhammad Ali and his heirs recognized as the hereditary rulers of Egypt
• Muhammad Ali began a series of reforms in the military and economy,
• He directed a shift of Egyptian agriculture to a plantation cash crop such as cotton without foreign assistance
• Egypt entered the international market, but at the cost of peasants having lost what traditional lands they worked and forced to raise cash crops.

The Suez Canal

• Muhammad Ali's efforts to modernize Egypt were continued by his grandson, Isma'il
• Isma'il supported the construction of the Suez Canal
• The canal was a human-made waterway that cut through the isthmus of Suez

British Imperialism in India

• British took Indian territory to expand until they almost completely took the subcontinent.
• India is the second most populated nation in the world, its roots are from this colony.

Terms and Names

• Sepoy soldiers were Indian soldiers
• "jewel in the crown" Britain considered India, the most valuable colonies
• Sepoy Mutiny was the uprising against the British
• Raj refers to British rule over India

Setting the Stage

• British economic interest in India began in the 1600s
• The British East India Company set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta
• At first India's ruling Mughal Dynasty kept European traders under control
• By 1707, the Mughal Empire was collapsing and Robert Clive led East India Company troops in a victory over Indian forces allied with the French at the Battle of Plassey in 1757
• Until 1858, the East India Company was the leading power in India

British Expand Control Over India

• The area controlled by the East India Company grew over time which included modern Bangladesh, southern India, and nearly all the territory along the Ganges
• Officially, the British government regulated the East India Company's efforts both in London and India
• Until the 19th century, the company ruled India with little interference
• They even had their own army led by British officers and staffed by sepoys
• Mountstuart Elphinstone (governor of Bombay) referred to: "a delicate and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement may easily turn against is"

Britain's "Jewel in the Crown"

• The British treasured India more for its potential than its profit
• The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the world's workshop, and India was a major supplier of raw materials and a large potential market for British-made goods
• Restricting the India economy from operating on its own led it to be the brightest "jewel in the crown
• Called for India to produce raw materials, buy British goods, prohibited Indian competition, and put India's own textile industry out of business
• Cheap cloth and ready-made clothes flooded the Indian market

British Transport Trade Goods

• India was valuable after they established a railroad network
• Railroad transported raw products from ports to ports, including agriculture plantations
• Plantation crops included tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, and opium
• The British shipped opium to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then sold in England
• Trade in these crops was tied to International trading, such as in 1850 cutting off Russian jute to Scottish jute mills

Impact of Colonialism

• India benefited and was harmed by it
• The British held political and economic power
• The British restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles
• The conversion to cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s
• Adopted to the Indians religious traditions, British presence endangered Indian life
• laying of their railroad system was the result of unity to other regions
• modernized road, telephone,telegraphs, dams and schools increased sanitation and public health and end warfare of competing powers to the local rules

The Sepoy Mutiny

• By 1850, the British controlled the Indian continent with constant pockets of discontent with Indian believing British were converting them to Christianity
• Economic problems increase with sentiment and their nationalism from resentment
• Gossip amongst Sepoy, British soldiers grease their beef and pork fat with use of their enfield riffles and biting their end of riffles
• Hindu who are sacred of cows, Muslim were outranged
• They British soldiers with 85 or 90 Sepoy’s refusal where jail with next 10 of 1850
• Outbreak in Norther India, the British spreading much of the world
• The British and Sepoys tried with east Indian company over the year
• Did not unite against the Mughal, Muslims restore control of the east

Nationalism Surfaces in India

• 1800s India started modernization and self governance, Ram Mohan Roy, campaign and moving away from traditional practices
• Roy also sought out arranged children marriages in caste system
• Roy's writing reform called Western
• Two nation groups of the INC, Indian National Congress and Muslim
• 1900 groups concentrated their concern with the Indian in early to self governing.
• nationalist divided India into two by British Bengal

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• Demand Asia products to seek Western countries and the Asian
• Indifference struggle for root of countries during period time.
• Imperialism in Western countries
• Pacific Rim countries border the Pacific Ocean with trade for china and west countries
• 18th centuries the European Company and the 300 miles in the Britain
• New Guinea claimed the lands Southeast countries
• Asian were perfect for the plantations
• Sugarcane ,coconut, bananas and pineapple with products over time
• With discovered more rubber and oil plants expanded control Bali and Indonesia
• brought to the islands who remained temporary over and created rigid system above wealthy Europeans and Dutch farmers