Podcast
Questions and Answers
The European Council is primarily responsible for managing the monetary policy of the Eurozone.
The European Council is primarily responsible for managing the monetary policy of the Eurozone.
False
The role of the European Parliament is to represent the interests of the governments of the Member States.
The role of the European Parliament is to represent the interests of the governments of the Member States.
False
The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy supports the European Commission's external action.
The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy supports the European Commission's external action.
False
The Court of Justice of the European Union ensures the consistency and effectiveness of EU laws.
The Court of Justice of the European Union ensures the consistency and effectiveness of EU laws.
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The European Economic and Social Committee focuses solely on auditing EU's finances.
The European Economic and Social Committee focuses solely on auditing EU's finances.
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The European Ombudsman investigates complaints against EU institutions.
The European Ombudsman investigates complaints against EU institutions.
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The Treaty on European Union defines the EU's objectives and the limits of its powers conferred by the Member States.
The Treaty on European Union defines the EU's objectives and the limits of its powers conferred by the Member States.
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A regulation is a type of legislative procedure that is binding in its entirety and directly applicable.
A regulation is a type of legislative procedure that is binding in its entirety and directly applicable.
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Directives must be transposed by member states within a time frame of 5 to 10 years.
Directives must be transposed by member states within a time frame of 5 to 10 years.
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The Charter of Fundamental Rights is recognized as an unwritten principle according to Art. 6.1 TEU.
The Charter of Fundamental Rights is recognized as an unwritten principle according to Art. 6.1 TEU.
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The joint adoption of legislation involves only the EU parliament and the European Council.
The joint adoption of legislation involves only the EU parliament and the European Council.
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Decisions made by the Council are binding only to those explicitly addressed in the document.
Decisions made by the Council are binding only to those explicitly addressed in the document.
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Article 11 TEU allows two million citizens from a significant number of Member States to initiate a citizens' initiative inviting the European Commission to submit a proposal.
Article 11 TEU allows two million citizens from a significant number of Member States to initiate a citizens' initiative inviting the European Commission to submit a proposal.
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The principle of legality ensures a transparent, accountable, democratic, and pluralistic law-making process according to Article 2 of TEU.
The principle of legality ensures a transparent, accountable, democratic, and pluralistic law-making process according to Article 2 of TEU.
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The Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2092 was established to protect the Union budget specifically from environmental violations by Member States.
The Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2092 was established to protect the Union budget specifically from environmental violations by Member States.
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The Rule of Law Report is created annually by the Commission to evaluate the rule of law situation in a single Member State.
The Rule of Law Report is created annually by the Commission to evaluate the rule of law situation in a single Member State.
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Article 6 TEU acknowledges the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as a critical component for recognizing rights and freedoms.
Article 6 TEU acknowledges the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as a critical component for recognizing rights and freedoms.
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The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) assists the Member States in fulfilling their obligations under EU law.
The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) assists the Member States in fulfilling their obligations under EU law.
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The principle of separation of powers is one of the key components of the rule of law as defined in the Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2092.
The principle of separation of powers is one of the key components of the rule of law as defined in the Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2092.
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Under Article 258 TFEU, the European Commission has the authority to enforce EU law through fines imposed on non-compliant Member States.
Under Article 258 TFEU, the European Commission has the authority to enforce EU law through fines imposed on non-compliant Member States.
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The rule of law is defined in the context of other Union values and principles enshrined in Article 2 TEU.
The rule of law is defined in the context of other Union values and principles enshrined in Article 2 TEU.
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The Treaty of Lisbon introduced a new pillar structure for the European Union.
The Treaty of Lisbon introduced a new pillar structure for the European Union.
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The Community Pillar included areas such as foreign and security policy.
The Community Pillar included areas such as foreign and security policy.
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The Maastricht Treaty was established in 1957.
The Maastricht Treaty was established in 1957.
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The principle of sincere cooperation is outlined in Article 4.3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU).
The principle of sincere cooperation is outlined in Article 4.3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU).
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The Ordinary Legislative Procedure gives the European Parliament more power than the Council of the EU.
The Ordinary Legislative Procedure gives the European Parliament more power than the Council of the EU.
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PESCO stands for Permanent Structured Cooperation on Defence and Security.
PESCO stands for Permanent Structured Cooperation on Defence and Security.
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Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is part of the Community Pillar.
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is part of the Community Pillar.
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The Treaty of Nice amended the EU Treaties after the Maastricht Treaty.
The Treaty of Nice amended the EU Treaties after the Maastricht Treaty.
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Transparency and proximity are considered fundamental principles of the EU.
Transparency and proximity are considered fundamental principles of the EU.
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The budgetary procedure in the EU is categorized as a type of decision-making procedure.
The budgetary procedure in the EU is categorized as a type of decision-making procedure.
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The Citizens' Initiative allows citizens to propose new EU legislation only in areas where the Commission has no powers to act.
The Citizens' Initiative allows citizens to propose new EU legislation only in areas where the Commission has no powers to act.
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A minimum number of signatures from Member States is required for a Citizens' Initiative, which can be collected both online and on paper.
A minimum number of signatures from Member States is required for a Citizens' Initiative, which can be collected both online and on paper.
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In the consent procedure, the Council can amend the legislation proposed by the Commission before obtaining consent from the Parliament.
In the consent procedure, the Council can amend the legislation proposed by the Commission before obtaining consent from the Parliament.
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The budgetary procedure for adopting the annual EU budget involves only the European Commission.
The budgetary procedure for adopting the annual EU budget involves only the European Commission.
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The EU can conclude international agreements in areas of its competence without any specific procedures depending on the subject matter.
The EU can conclude international agreements in areas of its competence without any specific procedures depending on the subject matter.
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All trade agreements involving the EU are negotiated exclusively by the European Parliament.
All trade agreements involving the EU are negotiated exclusively by the European Parliament.
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CFSP agreements are negotiated and adopted solely by the European Commission.
CFSP agreements are negotiated and adopted solely by the European Commission.
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An initiative that is deemed abusive, frivolous, or offensive is permissible under the conditions of the Citizens' Initiative.
An initiative that is deemed abusive, frivolous, or offensive is permissible under the conditions of the Citizens' Initiative.
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A description of the initiative in one of the official EU languages is not necessary for the Citizens' Initiative process.
A description of the initiative in one of the official EU languages is not necessary for the Citizens' Initiative process.
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Consent from the Parliament is not necessary for the Council to adopt legislation under the consent procedure.
Consent from the Parliament is not necessary for the Council to adopt legislation under the consent procedure.
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Study Notes
International Organizations: Concepts and Types
- International Organizations (IOs) are typically founded on a conventional legal basis.
- IOs are usually composed of inter-state entities.
- IOs aim to fulfill common or collective interests.
- IOs have permanent organizational structures.
- IOs often have their own international legal personalities.
Types of International Organizations
- International organizations can be categorized based on their purposes (general or special).
- They can also be categorized by their composition (universal or regional).
- Alternatively, they can be categorized by their competences (cooperative or integrative).
Treaties: Background and Historical Evolution
- The Council of Europe existed before the European Union.
- Key treaties leading to the European Union include the Treaty of Paris (1951), establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
- Treaties of Rome (1957) established the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC).
- A later treaty, the Merger Treaty (1965/1967), unified the executive bodies of the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom.
- The Single European Act (1986/1987) strengthened European integration, especially in foreign policy coordination, and expanded the qualified majority in the council.
- The Maastricht Treaty (1992/1993) transformed the EEC into the European Community.
- The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997/1999) focused on EU values enforcement and policy changes.
- The Treaty of Nice (2001/2003) revised EU institutions and policies.
- The Treaty of Lisbon (2007/2009) consolidated EU legal personality and redefined EU voting procedures.
EU Members
- Currently, there are 27 EU member states.
- Several countries are candidates for membership (Albania, North Macedonia, Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Kosovo).
- Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) outlines the criteria for membership (political and economic stability).
- The Copenhagen Criteria (1993) describe the necessary political and economic stability required.
EU Membership Conditions and Process
- Article 49 TEU outlines the accession procedure, including application, pre-accession period, and concluding negotiations, culminating in an accession treaty signed by the acceding country and ratified by all existing EU Member States.
- Countries must meet several conditions, primarily revolving around upholding EU values (Article 49 TEU) and the Copenhagen Criteria.
- The Acquis communautaire (existing EU laws) must be effectively implemented.
- The administrative demands of membership are significant.
EU Membership Status
- The Union respects the equality of member states, their national identities, and their political and constitutional structures.
- Membership includes participation in the decision-making process, rights and duties.
Loss of EU Membership
- Article 50 TEU outlines the procedure for withdrawal from the EU.
Preventive Measures (Article 7 TEU)
- Article 7 TEU outlines measures for the prevention of a serious breach in EU values.
- A 1/3 of Member States or EU Parliament or European Commission can submit reasoned proposals.
- The EU country concerned is to be heard.
- A council decision can be made by 4/5 of Member States excluding the relevant EU country.
- Council can issue recommendations, and even suspend certain rights (by a qualified majority, excluding the EU country concerned).
EU Goals
- The Union's goals include promoting peace, values, and wellbeing, establishing an internal market, and upholding values and interests in relation to the wider world.
EU Institutions and Bodies
- The European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the EU, and the European Commission are core institutions. Other bodies include the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, and the Court of Auditors.
- Specialized agencies and bodies support various EU institutions (high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, European External Action Service, European Economic and Social Committee and European Committee of regions.
EU Law and National Law
- EU law is supreme over national laws.
- The EU has the power to issue regulations, directives, decisions, and recommendations.
- EU law can have direct effect( treaties have horizontal and vertical direct effect).
- EU treaties, regulations, and decisions have direct effect.
Jurisdictional Protection
- Fundamental rights are protected through judicial review at both national and EU levels.
- After EU accession to the ECHR, protection rests on general principles of EU law and constitutional principles common to member states, and related international instruments.
- EU Charter of Fundamental rights is incorporated into EU primary law.
Competences of the EU
- The EU's competences are derived from the treaties.
- EU competences are limited, functional, and specific to assigned tasks.
- The principle of conferral determines the limits of EU competences.
- The principle of subsidiarity ensures the balance between centralisation and decentralization in decision-making.
Decision-Making Procedures
- Various procedures exist for EU decision-making, including legislative procedures by the Parliament and Council, budgetary procedures, and procedures for international agreements.
- Procedures can be structured into categories, like legislative (ordinary and special), budgetary, and other procedures (consented procedure).
- The Treaty of Lisbon has led to considerable changes.
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Test your knowledge on the key institutions and processes of the European Union with this comprehensive quiz. From the roles of the European Parliament to the functioning of the Court of Justice, you'll explore the various facets of EU governance and legislative procedures.
