European Renaissance & Reformation (1300-1600)

European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600

• The text includes a timeline showcasing key events in both Europe and the world from 1300 to 1600, related to the Renaissance and Reformation.

Previewing Main Ideas

• Trade with the East alongside the rediscovery of ancient texts spurred new cultural and artistic ideas in Europe. This era was termed the Renaissance, Greek for "rebirth".
• Martin Luther's challenge to Catholic Church practices began the Reformation, leading to the establishment of non-Catholic churches. Wittenberg is the city where the Reformation began.
• The printing press enabled faster, cheaper book and pamphlet production, aiding the spread of Renaissance and Reformation concepts. Printing spread from Mainz to other parts of Europe.

Europe in the 1300s

• Italian city-states, such as Florence, Milan, and Mantua, saw the start of the Renaissance.
• Mali's King Mansa Musa journeyed to Mecca.

Europe in the 1400s

• The Medici family gained control of Florence in 1434.
• Hongwu established China’s Ming Dynasty in 1368.
• Chinese explorer Zheng He began exploring Asia and Africa in 1405.
• Johannes Gutenberg printed the Gutenberg Bible in Mainz, 1455.
• Martin Luther initiated the Reformation in Wittenberg, 1517.
• England's King Henry VIII established the Church of England, in 1534.
• The Council of Trent mandated reform in the Catholic Church 1563.
• Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, 1453.
• Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492.
• Babur established the Mughal Empire in India, 1526.

What Can You Learn From Art?

• Renaissance art reintroduced classical art styles
• The use of perspective emerged, and oil paints became a new invention
• Religion remained an important part of society
• The importance of the individual was a focus of art
• Beauty was valued and artists added details

The Birthplace of the Renaissance

• The Italian Renaissance marked a rebirth of learning resulting in great art and literature.
• Renaissance art and literature continue to shape modern thought and art.

Setting the Stage

• The late Middle Ages was a period of war and plague
• Survivors sought ways to celebrate life and the human spirit
• People started questioning the Middle Ages institutions, as they were unable to prevent wars or relieve suffering from the plague
• Some began questioning the Church
• In northern Italy, artists and writers began to showcase a new spirit, experimenting with different styles which ultimately changed how the world was viewed

Italy's Advantages

• Started approximately in the 1300s and lasted until 1600
• Known as the Renaissance, Greek for "rebirth", and related to a revival of learning and art
• Educated men and women in Italy wanted to restore the culture of classical Greece and Rome, creating new contributions that were innovative to art and literature
• New values and importance of the individual emerged
• The Renaissance spread from northern Italy to the rest of Europe
• Italy's advantages: thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and classical heritage
• Overseas trade due to the Crusades led to the rise of large city-states in northern Italy, making it more urban. This helped lead to an intellectual revolution
• The bubonic plague struck in the 1300s, killing 60% of the population, influencing the economy
• Survivors demanded higher wages due to less laborers, and merchants started seeking other means beyond business, such as art
• A wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state
• Milan and Florence were somewhat small, so a high amount of citizens took part in political life
• Merchants dominated politics and used their wits to succeed due to not inheriting a social rank
• They thought power needed deserved to be earned, influencing importance during the Renaissance
• Florence had a republican government starting in the late 1200s
• Florence came under the rule of the Medici banking family, with branch offices in Europe and Italy
• Cosimo de Medici was the wealthiest European during his time, taking control of Florence in 1434, without seeking for political office, but influencing loans with government
• Cosimo de Medici died in 1464, with his family in control of Florence. In 1469, his grandson Lorenzo de Medici took power, also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent
• Renaissance scholars wanted to return to the learning of Greeks and Romans
• Artists drew inspiration from the ruins of Rome that surrounded them as well
• Latin manuscripts have been preserved in monasteries
• Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453

Classical and Worldly Values

• By studying manuscripts, scholars were impacted by classical ideas, influencing new outlooks to life and art
• Humanism became an intellectual movement, focusing on human achievement instead of working to agree with Christian teachings
• Humanists impacted artists and architects to carry on classical traditions. They popularized studying subjects such as literature, history, and philosophy
• Some demonstrated devotion through rough clothing and foods, yet humanists thought people could enjoy life without going against God
• The wealthy valued luxury, music, and fine foods
• Renaissance society was secular, and concerned with worldly rather spiritual means
• Church leaders became worldly, taking in beautiful mansions, lavish banquets, and expensive cloths
• They financially supported artists, and wealthy merchants did the same
• Having their portraits painted showed their importance to others

The Renaissance Man

• Writers introduced art creation expectation for educated people
• Ideal individuals should master almost every study, receiving praise
• Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Courtier in 1528, teaching how to become a Renaissance man, where a young man should be charming, educated, play music, dance, witting, wrestled and a swordsman

The Renaissance Women

• The Courtier shared how upper-class women should be charming, but were not expected for fame
• Inspire art but rarely create it, and were better educated than medieval women, with little influence in politics
• Isabella d'Este was born into the ruling family of Ferrara, and by marrying the ruler of Mantua, brought Renaissance artists to her court. She was skilled in politics and defended Mantua when her husband went to war

The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art

• Dozens of Italian worked, supported by patrons like Isabella d' Este
• Styles shifted with artists using religious tools, realistic styles copied from classical models

Realistic Painting and Sculpture

• Painters painted prominent citizens, which displayed individual characteristics
• Michelangelo created more realistic depiction of the human body
• Donatello created more realistic sculptures with expressive personalities, receiving a classical form
• Donatello's late 1460s David statue was the first time a European statue free-standing nude since ancient times

Leonardo, Renaissance Man

• Leonardo da Vinci served as a painter, scientist, inventor, and sculptor
• Interested in how things worked, he incorporated his findings into his art
• He painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
• Raphael is known for his use of perspective, often painting the Madonna as well
• In the greatest achievement, Raphael filled Pope Julius II's Library with paintings, such as The School of Athens
• Also painted famous Renaissance men

Anguissola and Gentileschi

• Renaissance society generally restricted women's roles so there were Italian painters such as Sofonisba Anguissola
• Anguissola was the first women artist to gain international acclaim, painting portraits of prominent people
• Artemisia Gentileschi trained with her painter father, painting strong heroic women

Renaissance Writers Change Literature

• Renaissance writers relied on medieval techniques
• Medieval writer Dante wrote vernacular instead of Latin
• Renaissance writers wrote for self-expression to reflect individuality
• The writers began trends for modern writers to follow
• Francesco Petrarch is known as the father of Renaissance humanism whom both wrote in Italian and Latin
• Italian writer Boccaccio wrote the Decameron, which was a series of realistic stories with humor
• Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1513), explaining the imperfect conduct of human beings
• Discusses how rulers can receive and keep power from enemies, understanding that most people are selfish

Vittoria Colonna

• The women in the Renaissance wrote personal topics with great influence, such as political
• Vittoria Colonna was of noble birth and married the Marquis, exchanging writings and expressing emotions

The Northern Renaissance

• Ideas began to arise in the north from Italy
• Northern thinkers and artists adopted their ideas

Assessment

• Renaissance: rebirth of art and culture
• Humanism: focused on human potential and achievements
• Secular: worldly, pleasure-seeking
• Patron: supporters of the arts
• Perspective: creates an appearance of three dimensions
• Vernacular: use of language or dialect native to a region or country
• Italy's advantages were thriving cities and increased trades
• Art was used to revive the Greek philosophers
• Renaissance man: charming, well-educated, skilled. Renaissance woman: charming and inspired other artists
• The population was increasing

The Northern Renaissance

• Renaissance ideas began to spread during the 1400s from Italy to Northern Europe

Why It Matters Now

• Renaissance ideas including the individual have become a part of modern thought

The Northern Renaissance Begins

• By 1450, the bubonic plague ended, reviving Europe
• Wealthy merchants began to rapidly grow and sponsor the arts
• Italy separated, but England and France unified under strong monarchs. They supported the arts by inviting Leonardo Da Vinci and renovating castles
• Renaissance tradition began to mix with Northern culture, becoming their own character
• Ideals impacted some reformers to want more for society through Judeo-Christian values

Artistic Ideas Spread

• In 1494, the French claimed the throne of Naples, with artists leaving for safer life in Northern Europe, bringing their styles to Northern Europe

German Painters

• Albert Durer traveled to Italy to work, producing woodcuts
• Hans Holbein painted portraits of royal family and King VIII

Flemish Painters

• Jan Van Eyck used oil based paints which gave off subtle colors
• 1550- Pieter Bruegel interested in those to show peasant life with realistic details

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society

• Italian humanism revived classical languages and texts, leading reformers to want more for the church
• They became influenced Christian humanism which led to reformers in society, emphasizing on the women and education of both genders
• Desiderius Erasmus is a well known Christian humanist, who believe all should study the Bible, with book's ridiculing merchants
• Thomas More supported a better model of society. Depicts ideal place where corruption and war were weeded out, valuing silver and gold
• The vast majority of Europeans during the period were illiterate, but women began to call it out, including Christine de Pizan who had a well documented practice. De Pizan often wrote about the objections towards women and educating, in a book called "The Book of The City of Ladies"

The Elizabethan Age

• The Renaissance began in the middle of 1500 Europe, with Queen Elizabeth assisting the development of arts
• William Shakespear was well known in the act, drawing classical works and understanding human beings
• Shakespeare created many plays examining human flaws, demonstrating through dramatic conflict
• Wrote well know tragedys such as Macbeth, Othello, Hamlet and Romeo & Juliet, and comedies "A Midsummer Night's Dream and The Taming of the Shrew"
• He drew from classic works, with a deep understanding of humans

Questions Used as Intensifiers

• Task: Examining and rephrasing sentences in the primary source
• Purpose: To improve student understanding of the primary source
• Students: Rewrite excerpt to have explanation

Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas

• Developed block printing, in which letter carved on woodblock the inked block for print
• Bi Sheng invented movable type for each letter, even though it was impractical
• The method became practical for Europeans due to small alphabet
• Johann Gutenberg discovered printing press to produce books quickly. In 1455, the Gutenberg Bible was created
• For the time more people could afford books

Data on Printing

• Known technology from Europe and Asia
• Combined existing technologies to create new printing press
• Letters placed together, Chinese idea
• Used paper for mass production
• Used oils for greater impression

Section 1 & 2 Notes

• Renaissance began, marking the change in social art by breaking medieval time with a focus on the church
• Art used the Greek and Roman types, with a realistic point of view
• Books created to be secular instead of religious and languages in the vernacular (common in their region)
• Printing made knowledge common to those in large society
• Promoted a greater desire to rise in literacy
• Legal action made people more rights

Summarized Notes

• Term for the arts in Europe made available enough for to large amount of people
• Printing, Shakespeare was a great writer
• What events most important: 1. Utopia William Shakespeare/Johann Gutenberg; 2. Luther publishes/Queen Elizabeth
• The northern painted religious people well for ideas, that have spread quick/ The Renaissance and art

Luther Leads the Reformation

• Martin Luther against the Catholic Churches
• Pope over Church had the authority
• In 1553, some Protestants went to Germany
• Protestant=Lutheran and Anglican

Why It Matters Now

• One-fifth of the modern world are Protestants

Set the Stage with 1500 additional forces

• Church did not appeal
• Wealth printing press
• Church = corrupt

Teachings on the Reforamation

• Only have one Church in Bible to follow, need no preist
• The Pope viewed as a rebellious monk

Reformation

• Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus to read writings
• Lutheranism is a separate religions group

Analysis of Teachings

• The renaissance of religious
• 181 Germany are Protestant views!

Global Protestantism

• The 16th century and how the Catholic church was split

Henry VIII Cause

• Needed to have many marriages

Class Time

• Question with students
• Lutheran (God in charge) or Pope, that said?

The Pope Threat

• Charles and Luther went to worms for trial
• Not to recite or take back. Luther was excommunicated

The Division of Christianity

• Eastern v Catholicism

The 1600 Religious Belief

• In God but worship services

Section 3

• In a diagram, show information and facts, make sure everything is relevant
• If there was printing that would let everyone know/make ideas flourish

Relegions in Europe, 1560

• Many groups from Europe show protest (not just limited to Catholics but other popes and leaders from small areas)
• The beliefs have caused change but with a direct link to the Reformaton movement and all its effects

Assessment on What Happened

• Predestination-people determined Calvinism- based Predestination- religious radicals- Protestants:
• Pope or what: Pope and church together are the most influential
• What to do Luther: follow beliefs together what is to believe

What To Think Of

• Henry, Calvin or Luther had a good idea to break from Catholicism at that time?? Why?

Legacy to the Reform

• Jesuit, reformers had help too
• The world's population has shifted

The Refomatmion Continues

• Luther and Elizabeth had an idea to share

What Now

• New protestant Churches began during this period

The Stage Had Been Set on Queens

• How it was started over the new Elizabeth's leadership
• Now on the new way to live and how it had been set

Religion on the Reformation

• It went to Zwingli, Calvin, Baptist etc
• There is to learn more or to gain

What has had taken Place During All this??

• Class had said "All these has had" or I say "I'd see it all through"
• To use the ideas of class

Key is that

• Henry, Calvin or Luther could have or had better on all