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Questions and Answers
What theory did monarchs in Europe believe justified their power to rule?
What theory did monarchs in Europe believe justified their power to rule?
What was the primary consequence of the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre?
What was the primary consequence of the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre?
Which French king is known for issuing the Edict of Nantes?
Which French king is known for issuing the Edict of Nantes?
What did the Edict of Fontainebleau accomplish under Louis XIV?
What did the Edict of Fontainebleau accomplish under Louis XIV?
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Who were the Huguenots in France?
Who were the Huguenots in France?
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What was a key feature of absolute monarchy as practiced in France?
What was a key feature of absolute monarchy as practiced in France?
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What was the main goal of mercantilism during this period?
What was the main goal of mercantilism during this period?
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What phrase did Louis XIV famously declare to express his absolutist view of monarchy?
What phrase did Louis XIV famously declare to express his absolutist view of monarchy?
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What principle did Cesare Beccaria advocate in relation to crime and punishment?
What principle did Cesare Beccaria advocate in relation to crime and punishment?
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Which event highlighted colonial opposition to British taxation after the French and Indian War?
Which event highlighted colonial opposition to British taxation after the French and Indian War?
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What was a significant outcome of the French and Indian War for Great Britain?
What was a significant outcome of the French and Indian War for Great Britain?
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What did the Intolerable Acts aim to do in response to colonial protests?
What did the Intolerable Acts aim to do in response to colonial protests?
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Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the separation of powers in government?
Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the separation of powers in government?
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What concept did the Proclamation of 1763 establish regarding colonial expansion?
What concept did the Proclamation of 1763 establish regarding colonial expansion?
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What message was conveyed by the phrase 'No taxation without representation'?
What message was conveyed by the phrase 'No taxation without representation'?
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Which amendment extended the right to vote to women in the United States?
Which amendment extended the right to vote to women in the United States?
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Which act allowed Parliament to raise revenue through duties on imported goods?
Which act allowed Parliament to raise revenue through duties on imported goods?
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What was one of the key principles of John Locke's philosophy that influenced the U.S. Constitution?
What was one of the key principles of John Locke's philosophy that influenced the U.S. Constitution?
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Which historical document established a framework for the first U.S. government and proved to be ineffective?
Which historical document established a framework for the first U.S. government and proved to be ineffective?
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What was a major consequence of the Boston Massacre?
What was a major consequence of the Boston Massacre?
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What was one of the main purposes of the First Continental Congress?
What was one of the main purposes of the First Continental Congress?
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What was the primary industry to industrialize during the early phase of the Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary industry to industrialize during the early phase of the Industrial Revolution?
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What invention is considered a key driver of the Second Industrial Revolution?
What invention is considered a key driver of the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was a major social consequence of machines replacing manual labor during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a major social consequence of machines replacing manual labor during the Industrial Revolution?
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Which class emerged as a result of industrialization, replacing the traditional class structure defined by birth?
Which class emerged as a result of industrialization, replacing the traditional class structure defined by birth?
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What was a common feature of working conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a common feature of working conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution?
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What did the Poor Law of 1834 aim to provide?
What did the Poor Law of 1834 aim to provide?
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What did interchangeable parts lead to in the production process?
What did interchangeable parts lead to in the production process?
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What was the main purpose of labor unions during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the main purpose of labor unions during the Industrial Revolution?
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Which of the following correctly describes a free market economy?
Which of the following correctly describes a free market economy?
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What aspect of the assembly line contributes to mass production?
What aspect of the assembly line contributes to mass production?
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Which of the following statements best represents the impact of marketing during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Which of the following statements best represents the impact of marketing during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was one major health consequence associated with employment in coal mines?
What was one major health consequence associated with employment in coal mines?
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Who were the Luddites?
Who were the Luddites?
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What was the primary goal of the Sadler Committee?
What was the primary goal of the Sadler Committee?
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What was one of the main purposes of the Palace of Versailles as constructed by Louis XIV?
What was one of the main purposes of the Palace of Versailles as constructed by Louis XIV?
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What belief justified Louis XIV's rule over France?
What belief justified Louis XIV's rule over France?
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What was the primary outcome of the English Civil War?
What was the primary outcome of the English Civil War?
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Which document restricted the power of the king to raise taxes without parliamentary consent?
Which document restricted the power of the king to raise taxes without parliamentary consent?
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Which form of government did John Locke advocate for?
Which form of government did John Locke advocate for?
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How did James I describe the authority of kings in his statement from 1609?
How did James I describe the authority of kings in his statement from 1609?
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What action did the Glorious Revolution enable regarding the monarchy?
What action did the Glorious Revolution enable regarding the monarchy?
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What was a key belief held by Thomas Hobbes regarding human nature?
What was a key belief held by Thomas Hobbes regarding human nature?
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What was the significance of the Habeas Corpus Act?
What was the significance of the Habeas Corpus Act?
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Which group in Parliament aimed to further purify the Anglican Church?
Which group in Parliament aimed to further purify the Anglican Church?
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What was a direct consequence of Charles I's repeated disregard for the Petition of Rights?
What was a direct consequence of Charles I's repeated disregard for the Petition of Rights?
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Which act is seen as a step towards the evolution of England into a Constitutional monarchy?
Which act is seen as a step towards the evolution of England into a Constitutional monarchy?
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What condition was placed on William and Mary when offered the crown?
What condition was placed on William and Mary when offered the crown?
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What was required for Congress to change the Articles of Confederation?
What was required for Congress to change the Articles of Confederation?
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Which power was explicitly denied to Congress under the Articles of Confederation?
Which power was explicitly denied to Congress under the Articles of Confederation?
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What was Shays' Rebellion primarily a response to?
What was Shays' Rebellion primarily a response to?
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What significant outcome resulted from Shay's Rebellion?
What significant outcome resulted from Shay's Rebellion?
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Which amendment asserts that powers not granted to the federal government belong to the states?
Which amendment asserts that powers not granted to the federal government belong to the states?
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Which of the following was NOT a limitation on the national government's power as established by the U.S. Constitution?
Which of the following was NOT a limitation on the national government's power as established by the U.S. Constitution?
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What was one of the critical functions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?
What was one of the critical functions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?
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During the Industrial Revolution, what major change occurred in goods production?
During the Industrial Revolution, what major change occurred in goods production?
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What was a primary reason for the need for industrialization during the Agricultural Revolution?
What was a primary reason for the need for industrialization during the Agricultural Revolution?
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Which of the following terms describes farming focused on producing goods for sale rather than for personal consumption?
Which of the following terms describes farming focused on producing goods for sale rather than for personal consumption?
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What role did urbanization play during the Industrial Revolution?
What role did urbanization play during the Industrial Revolution?
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Which component of the U.S. Constitution outlines the principle of a social contract?
Which component of the U.S. Constitution outlines the principle of a social contract?
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What was the primary purpose of the Bill of Rights?
What was the primary purpose of the Bill of Rights?
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Which system of government shares powers between a central authority and individual states?
Which system of government shares powers between a central authority and individual states?
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What was the primary purpose of the Edict of Nantes?
What was the primary purpose of the Edict of Nantes?
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What does the passage about Henry IV imply about the relationship between subjects?
What does the passage about Henry IV imply about the relationship between subjects?
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How does Bishop Bossuet use scripture to justify the divine right of kings?
How does Bishop Bossuet use scripture to justify the divine right of kings?
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What was a significant government reform resulting from industrialization?
What was a significant government reform resulting from industrialization?
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What limitation on royal authority, if any, does Bishop Bossuet suggest?
What limitation on royal authority, if any, does Bishop Bossuet suggest?
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How do the Royal Gates at the Palace of Versailles symbolize Louis XIV’s absolute rule?
How do the Royal Gates at the Palace of Versailles symbolize Louis XIV’s absolute rule?
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Which of the following best describes the long-term economic effect of industrialization on workers?
Which of the following best describes the long-term economic effect of industrialization on workers?
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What concept does the phrase 'social contract' refer to in the context of governance?
What concept does the phrase 'social contract' refer to in the context of governance?
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What primary factor contributed to the development of suburbs during industrialization?
What primary factor contributed to the development of suburbs during industrialization?
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John Locke's idea of natural rights includes which of the following?
John Locke's idea of natural rights includes which of the following?
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What motivated Western nations to pursue imperialism during the industrial era?
What motivated Western nations to pursue imperialism during the industrial era?
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Which event was primarily driven by rivalries among European nations during the imperial period?
Which event was primarily driven by rivalries among European nations during the imperial period?
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What was a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
What was a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
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How did the process of industrialization influence urban living conditions?
How did the process of industrialization influence urban living conditions?
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What does Montesquieu’s concept of separation of powers entail?
What does Montesquieu’s concept of separation of powers entail?
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Which of the following was a consequence of imperial rule on native populations?
Which of the following was a consequence of imperial rule on native populations?
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How does the U.S. Bill of Rights reflect Enlightenment principles?
How does the U.S. Bill of Rights reflect Enlightenment principles?
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What role did the Magna Carta play in English governance?
What role did the Magna Carta play in English governance?
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What was a major societal change resulting from the rise of consumerism during industrialization?
What was a major societal change resulting from the rise of consumerism during industrialization?
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Which of the following ideas did Voltaire strongly advocate for?
Which of the following ideas did Voltaire strongly advocate for?
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The construction of railroads during imperial times primarily served what purpose?
The construction of railroads during imperial times primarily served what purpose?
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What role did racism play in the motivations for imperialism?
What role did racism play in the motivations for imperialism?
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What common experience did American colonists share prior to the revolution?
What common experience did American colonists share prior to the revolution?
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What significance did the Declaration of Independence hold for the colonies?
What significance did the Declaration of Independence hold for the colonies?
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What effect did industrialization have on the standard of living?
What effect did industrialization have on the standard of living?
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What was a primary outcome of the mass production of goods during industrialization?
What was a primary outcome of the mass production of goods during industrialization?
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How did the emergence of suburbs relate to transportation developments?
How did the emergence of suburbs relate to transportation developments?
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Which statement best describes the role of the government in regulating workplace safety?
Which statement best describes the role of the government in regulating workplace safety?
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Study Notes
European Monarchies (1500s-1700s)
- By 1500, monarchies controlled most of Europe.
- Monarchs claimed "divine right" to rule, believing power came from God.
- Nobles had limited political influence.
- Commoners had no political rights.
- Absolute Monarchy: Monarchs ruled without noble or commoner influence.
Social Structure
- King and nobles held privileged positions, paying few taxes.
- Catholic Church was also privileged, collecting taxes and owning land.
- Commoners/peasants were the majority, very poor, and paid most taxes.
- Religious conflicts (Protestant vs. Catholic) were frequent post-Reformation.
Economic System
- Mercantilism: Governments used economies to increase state power at the expense of other countries.
- Explorers were sent to claim new lands and resources.
French Monarchy
- Religious Conflicts: French monarchy was Catholic, demanding Catholicism throughout France. Huguenots (French Protestants), mostly nobles, wanted religious freedom. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (Catholic queen ordering the killing of Huguenots) resulted in 3000 deaths in Paris and as many as 70,000 throughout France.
- Henry IV: Crowned a Huguenot, converted to Catholicism to rule. Issued the Edict of Nantes, granting Huguenots religious freedom and political office.
- Louis XIII & Richelieu: After Henry IV, advisors suppressed Huguenot power.
-
Louis XIV: Declared "L'etat c'est moi" ("I am the state").
- Edict of Fountainbleau outlawed Protestantism in France.
- Intendants enforced royal policies.
- Palace of Versailles symbolized royal power. Nobles paid tribute there.
- Louis XIV used propaganda to enhance his image as an absolute ruler, claiming divine right.
- Known as the "Sun King."
English Monarchy
- Monarchy vs. Parliament: Kings James I and Charles I clashed with Parliament over taxes and religion. Parliament favored limited monarchy. Parliament was made up of various groups with differing views on religion (Puritans, Anglicans, Catholics).
- Petition of Rights: King agreed not to raise taxes without Parliament's consent, not to imprison without cause, and not to house soldiers in private homes.
- English Civil War: War between king and Parliament. Oliver Cromwell led Parliament to victory. Established a Commonwealth under his leadership.
- Restoration: Charles II, son of Charles I, became king with limited authority.
- Habeas Corpus Act: Charged individuals had the right to appear in court to determine jail or release.
- James II: Believed in absolute monarchy. Disliked; Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary (Mary was his Protestant daughter).
- Glorious/Bloodless Revolution: Parliament offered William and Mary the crown with limits on royal power.
- English Bill of Rights: King could not raise taxes without Parliament's consent, court independence, etc.
Locke and Hobbes
- Hobbes: Believed absolute rule was necessary for order and safety. People are naturally selfish and violent. Civil rights should be surrendered to the ruler.
- Locke: Believed in limited government, protecting natural rights (life, liberty, property). People are generally good. Government legitimacy comes from consent of the governed. If government fails to uphold rights, the people can overthrow it.
American Independence
- Limited Government Influence in Britain: Magna Carta, Petition of Rights, Habeas Corpus Act, Glorious Revolution, and English Bill of Rights.
- Colonial Self-Government: Jamestown, Virginia House of Burgesses, Plymouth, Mayflower Compact, Pennsylvania Charter.
- Enlightenment Influences: Social contract theory, natural rights (Locke), separation of powers (Montesquieu).
- Colonial Protests: Navigation Acts, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts.
- Declaration of Independence (1776): Colonies declared independence from Great Britain.
- American Revolution: War between colonies and Britain.
American Constitution
- Historical Influences: Enlightenment ideas, British constitutional principles (Petition of Rights, English Bill of Rights, Habeas Corpus).
- Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation: States held most power, national government was weak.
- Shay's Rebellion: Exposed weaknesses of Articles.
- Constitutional Convention (1787): Created a new system of government.
- Federal System (Federalism): Strong central government sharing power with states (10th Amendment).
- Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments): Guarantees individual rights, including freedom of speech, press, religion.
Industrial Revolution
- Pre-Industrial Society: Agriculture, human/animal power, cottage industry.
- Agricultural Revolution: Crop rotation, seed drill, enclosures, increased food production and population growth, urbanization.
- Industrial Revolution (Factors): Labor, capital, land/resources, markets.
- First Industrial Revolution (Textiles): Machine power replaces human/animal power; factory system emerges, inventions (power loom, steam engine, cotton gin). Coal, iron industries develop. Transportation improvements.
- Second Industrial Revolution (Steel, Electricity): Mass production, interchangeable parts, assembly line. Consumer goods emerge.
- Industrial Impacts: Machine replacement of labor, new social classes (industrial working class, middle class, bourgeoisie). Urbanization, factories and cities experience poor living and working conditions. Movements/organizations towards reform and social democracy.
Imperialism
- Imperialism Definition: Extension of a nation's power over other lands.
- Motives: Economic (natural resources, markets, cheap labor), political (rivalries), social (racism, moral/religious motives).
- Impact: Colonial economies disrupted; Indigenous populations exploited (cheap labor).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the European monarchies from the 1500s to the 1700s, focusing on their structure, social dynamics, and economic systems. Explore the divine right of kings, social classes, and the impact of mercantilism on state power. Engage with key concepts such as religious conflicts and the absolute monarchy.
