European History Highlights

14th Century Hungary

• 14th-century Hungarian feudal society flourished greatly.

Christopher Columbus

• Born in Genoa, Italy, to a weaver.
• Skilled sailor, pilot, and captain.
• Well-versed in astronomy and geography.
• Received viceroy status of newly discovered lands, receiving 10% of income.

Frankish State Division

• After Clovis's death, the Frankish state was divided among his sons.

Al-Andalus

• Known for its rich scientific and cultural heritage.

Spanish Kings and Columbus

• Agreed to an agreement appointing Columbus as viceroy.

Iron Mask

• Worn for protection, but also to intimidate.

European Wealth

• Exploration led to increased wealth in European countries.

Mongol-Russian Conflicts

• Hostilities arose between Mongols and Russian principalities.

Bushido

• A code of honor for the Japanese samurai.

Italian City Power

• Merchant guilds held power in Italian cities by the 11th century.

City Communes

• By the 12th century, city communes transitioned to independent city-republics.

Battle of Tours

• Charles Martel's victory over Muslims in 732.

Columbus's Mistake

• Christopher Columbus believed Cuba was an island off the coast of Asia.

St. Sophia Mosque Conversion

• St. Sophia Church was transformed into a mosque.

Columbus's Sailing Route

• Columbus believed a westward sailing route to Asia was possible.

Japan's Central Government

• During the Heian period, Japan's central government had a limited reach.

Byzantine Empire's Extent

• During Emperor Basil II's reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its maximum territorial extent.

Columbus's Voyages (1492-1493)

• Discovered Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola.

Feudal Lords

• Nobility who owned and controlled land and its inhabitants.

France's Division

• France divided into feudal principalities during the 11th and 12th centuries.

Genghis Khan and Khorezmshah

• Genghis Khan recognized Khorezmshah as an equal.

Genghis Khan and Khwarazmshah

• Khwarazmshah treated equally by Genghis Khan.

High Renaissance Period

• Spanning the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Magyar Tribes

• Hungary was one of the seven Magyar tribes.

Reconquista Duration

• Reconquista lasted 8 centuries.

Battle of Teutoburg Defeats

• Three legions were defeated.

Grand Council of Italy's Size

• Several hundred people formed the Grand Council of Italy.

Royal Districts under Stephen I

• Ten royal districts were created during Stephen I's reign in Hungary.

Hungarian Language Family

• Hungarians belong to the Finno-Ugric language family.

Jin Empire Fall

• Mongols and Jurchen tribes joined forces to conquer the Jin Empire in 1234.

Bukhara Uprising

• Peasants and artisans rebelled in Bukhara in 1238 under Burunduk.

Mongol Conquest of Vietnam

• Mongols captured significant parts of Vietnam in 1275.

Red Turban Rebellion

• An uprising in 1351 in China.

Zhu Yuanzhang's Claim

• Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, claiming the title of emperor.

Tokhtamysh's Attack

• Tokhtamysh attacked Moscow, demanding tribute from the Russians.

Shaybani's Conquest

• Shaybani captured Samarkand in 1499.

Cabral's Discovery

• Pedro Alvarez Cabral declared Brazil a Portuguese territory.

Magellan's Achievement

• Magellan reached the Philippines in 1521.

Ostrogothic Union

• The Ostrogothic Union was defeated by Huns in 375.

Alaric's Siege of Rome

• Alaric's Visigothic troops sieged and plundered Rome in 410.

Pepin's Conquest

• Pepin conquered Septimania from the Muslims in 759.

Signoria's Responsibilities

• The Signoria controlled the executive, judicial, and military functions in Italian city-states.

Papal Dependence

• During the 11th century, the Papal power depended increasingly on German emperors.

Frankish Nobility Meetings

• Nobility meetings in the Frankish kingdom were not held regularly.

Hungarian Succession

• The throne in Hungary was inherited by the eldest son after the death of the king.

Demographic Growth in Italian Cities

• During the 11th century, population in Italian cities grew dramatically.

Rapid Economic Growth

• Many Italian cities experienced rapid economic growth in the 11th century.

Papal-Holy Roman Conflict

• Between 11th and 13th centuries, Italy was a battlefield of struggle between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors about authority.

Suleyman I's Campaigns

• Suleyman I led his armies in 13 major campaigns.