European History 1700-1900

• European history timeline covers 1700-1900.

Europe in the 1700s

• King Louis XVI ruled France.
• Politics were defined by the "Old Regime" and absolute monarchy.
• Economics were rural with farming, no industrialization, and vast wealth inequality.

Age of Enlightenment (1700s)

• Characterized as an intellectual movement.
• It was anti-church, against absolute monarchy, and promoted individual rights.

French Revolution (1789)

• Involved the overthrow of the old regime and the execution of Louis XVI.
• Promoted universal rights, though not for everyone.

Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

• Marked by new inventions/technologies, factories, and the expansion of cities.
• Migration/urbanization led to the expansion of cities, the middle class, and the working class.

Age of High Imperialism (1870-1914)

• Involved colonization and conquest abroad.
• Included violence and genocide.
• Motivated by raw materials/money.

Capitalism (1800s)

• Associated with Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (1776).
• Profit-oriented with private ownership.
• Its motto was the "invisible hand of the market".
• A problem was reducing spending to increase profit at the expense of workers.

Socialism (1800s)

• Against capitalism and the bourgeoisie.
• For workers (proletariat).
• Aimed for better pay/working conditions and some public ownership.

Communism/Marxism (1800s)

• Featured in "The Communist Manifesto" by Karl Marx & Frederick Engels (1848).
• Was extremely radical, seeing socialism as insufficient.
• Advocated for a "dictatorship of the proletariat".
• Its goal was total state control, no classes, no private property, and equality.
• European economics and social structure changed around 1848.
• Food shortages and discontent with the political structure were problems at this time.

Five Stages of Communism (Marxist Theory)

• Primitive communism: hunter-gatherers sharing resources.
• Feudalism: noble landowners versus serfs.
• Capitalism: bourgeoisie versus proletariat.
• Socialism: "dictatorship of the proletariat".
• Communism: global, stateless, utopia.

Russian Empire (1729-1917)

• Tsar Nicholas II was killed during the Communist Revolution in 1918.
• Russia experienced economic backwardness with less industrialization and a rural countryside.

Russian Communists

• Mensheviks (minority): moderate, worked within the system, allied with the bourgeoisie.
• Bolsheviks (majority): radical, wanted to destroy the system, refused alliance with the bourgeoisie.
• Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): leader of the Bolsheviks, "Leninism" was violent and radical.

First Russian Revolution (1905)

• Resulted in reforming the monarchy and giving more power to parliament.
• Lenin called it "the great dress rehearsal" but was not satisfied.

World War One (1914-1918)

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
• Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia.
• Causes: assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, imperialism, nationalism.
• Consequences: 40 million dead/wounded, political chaos.

Communist Revolution in Russia (1917)

• Immediate actions: killed the Tsar, established a "republic", abolished private property, redistributed land, censored the bourgeois press.
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: peace agreement with Central Powers but gave up much Russian territory, unpopular with the poor.
• Power struggle after Lenin's death in 1924: between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
• Trotsky believed in world revolution, overthrowing capitalism in all countries.
• Stalin believed in socialism in one country, strengthening socialism within the country.
• Trotsky called Stalin the gravedigger of the revolution.
• The revolution occurred in Russia instead of Western Europe because Russia's political system was poorly governed.

Totalitarianism

• A dictatorship with a single party.
• It uses extreme ideology, propaganda, censorship, and secret police.
• It involves war and violence.
• Communism is left-wing, based on Marxism/Leninism, and involves class struggle.
• Fascism is right-wing, based on ultra-nationalism/militarism, and involves race struggle.
• The Politburo: a small group of Stalinists in the Central Committee that makes daily political decisions.
• Stalin's Command Economy: government-controlled five-year plan to rapidly industrialize.
• 91% of land was taken from wealthy peasants in the collectivization of agriculture.

Holodomor Famine (1932-1933)

• Man-made famine in Ukraine.
• Low grain harvest led to extreme rationing.
• 3.5 to 5 million Ukrainians died.

Great Terror/Purge (1937-1938)

• 700,000 executed and 1 million imprisoned.
• Targeted enemies of the people/class enemies, including political threats, military leaders, intellectuals, kulaks, and ethnic minorities.
• Gulags: forced labor camps where ~14 million people were sent.
• 25 million people were affected by Stalin's regime.

Weimar Republic (1918-1933)

• 15 years of democracy during which Hitler rose to power.
• Hyperinflation was an economic crisis during this time making things expensive.
• The Nazi Party rose to power in 1920.
• Nazis promoted the stab-in-the-back myth, blaming Jews/Communists for Germany's troubles in WWI.
• The Weimar Republic failed because it was too democratic and had too many parties, which lead to being unable to get anything done.
• The Great Depression (1929): left every third German unemployed.
• Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 because the Weimar republic couldn't get anything done
• The Nazi party became so popular because of the stab-in-the-back myth.

The Holocaust (1933-1945)

• The systematic, state-sponsored murder of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany.
• Part of "the Racial State" was the Aryan racial purity.
• Part of the "Racial Enemies:" Jews, Roma and Sinit, Blacks, homosexuals, disabled.
• World War II (1939-1945) began with Germany invading Poland (1939).
• The invasion of USSR (Operation Barbarossa) occurred in June 1941.
• The height of Nazi expansion was from 1941-1945.
• The Allies invaded Germany in Spring 1945 .
• Concentration camps were liberated; Germany was bombed.
• Top Nazi leaders (like Hitler) committed suicide.
• Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945 ("V-E Day").
• The war in the Pacific was fought between the Allied forces (led by the US) and the Empire of Japan.
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed August 6 and 9, 1945.
• After effects of the bombs included cancer and birth defects
• Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, ending WWII.

Allied Occupation of Germany (1945-1949)

• USSR, Britain, France, and America.
• Berlin was divided by the four powers.
• The Potsdam Conference was in July 1945.
• "Big 3:" Churchill (UK), Truman (US), Stalin (USSR).
• Divided Germany into four zones, de-militarized and de-Nazified it.
• The Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946) were the first international war crime trials.
• Tensions of the Cold War emerged between Western Europe and Eastern Europe.
• (1945-1955): Soviet Satellite States included East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgari, Yugoslavia, and Albania.
• The Iron Curtain was a political metaphor and physical barrier separating Europe into two opposing groups during the Cold War.
• Called the Cold War because there was no direct fighting, instead political hostility and threats.
• Proxy wars are military conflicts where a third party supports one side but doesn't directly participate in the fighting.
• Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech (1946) stated, "An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent."
• The Truman Doctrine (1947) was "Containment:" stop the spread of communism, help all democratic countries.

Marshall Plan (1948)

• US aid to Western Europe for economic modernization (industry).
• The Soviets were angry about the Marshall Plan.

Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948)

• The USSR blocked Western Allies' rail/water access to Berlin, cutting off food/supplies.
• Western Allies flew in supplies for 15 months.

Germany

• Divided into West Germany with the Federal Republic of Germany [FRG] and East Germany with the German Democratic Republic [GDR] in 1949.
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in 1949 to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
• The Warsaw Pact was created in 1955.
• The Warsaw Pact: a military alliance between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries, countering NATO.

Czeslaw Milosz

• Polish American poet and writer.
• He wrote, "The Captive Mind" (1953).
• Believed, "Are Americans really stupid?"

Nikita Khrushchev (1958-1964)

• Fought with Georgi Malenkov.
• Loyal Stalinists who hated each other.
• He was banned from Disneyland, hung out with Marilyn Monroe, and met with JFK.
• Known for De-Stalinization and "The Thaw."
• The thaw: domestic relaxed restrictions, international peaceful coexistence with the West.
• Secret Speech (1956): condemned Stalin, saying he destroyed Marxist-Leninist values, violated collective leadership, had a cult of personality, and caused the Great Terror.
• His motivation: moral conscience, restore part unity, defect blame.
• Reactions to the speech: when it was a secret a mass exodus from the party; when it was made public it was popular, read at all party meetings.

De-Stalinization

• Freed gulag prisoners.
• Relaxed restrictions on artistic/cultural expression.
• Changed "Stalingrad" to "Volgograd".
• Tore down monuments and renamed streets.
• Removed portraits & removed Stalin's name from the national anthem.
• Moved Stalin's dead body.

West Germany's "Economic Miracle" (1950s/1960s)

• War-torn to what it is today? an economic miracle
• What fueled the Economic Miracle: Marshall Plan, industrial production, manufacturing, modernization.
• East Germany: Two parties GDR (from before) and Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).
• East Germany said they were antifascist, resistors against Nazism "East Germans were victims! West Germans were the real Nazis!"

European Union (EU) - since 1993

• Supranational institution that provides freedom of movement and EU citizenship.

• Origins in Cold war anxieties

• European Coal and Steel Community (1952): unified COAL and STEEL market, inner six countries: France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg

• European Economic Community (1957): Common market for goods, agriculture, trade (REDUCE BARRIERS)

• Traditional family structure: nuclear family, male breadwinner, female housewife.

• Coca-Colonization US Cultural Imperialism: Coca Cola, Marlboro Cigarettes, Levi's Jeans, Jazz, Swing, Rock n Roll, Elvis Presley

• Elvis Presley: His hips don't lie! Moves like Marilyn Monroe, Changed the popular music scene in Germany, everyone is confused

• Stasi (Secret Police): Known as Ministry for State Security, East Germany's Secret Police, Spied on the people, “wall has ears"

• (1953): East Germany Uprising: Began strike by construction workers; Soon huge anti government revolt; Protests in 500 cities/towns, quickly crushed by Soviet tanks. It's hard to revolt.

• Berlin Wall (1961-1989): New capital of West Germany was born; Berlin itself divide into four sections (1945-1961): No Wall; Freedom of movement, border crossing

• The people wanted to cross the border: Day laborers, seeing family, refugees escaping

• East Germany builds wall overnight (1961) Called The Anti-Fascist Protection Wall" To protect and wall themselves from Nazi West Germans

• Mutually Assured Destruction (1960s)

• Operation Paperclip (1945 - 1959) Recruited 1600 ex Nazi scientists to develop Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), Directed by Wernher von Braun

• ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missiles): A defense system + intercept & destroy IBMs in the air

• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): Closest accident to a nuclear war;

• Khrushchev wanted to put nuclear on Cuba because of its locations close to the US, with the Us blockading Soviet ships

• Khrushchev chose Cuba because of its Strategic location close to the US and because it was a led by Fidel Castro since 1959 and was a communist ally

• Strategic Defense Initiative Star Wars Program

• Ronald Reagan used laser beams in outer space to stop Soviet ICBMS

• Space race

• Sputnik (USSR) was launched in 1957

• The 1st satellite/Beach Ball Size

• NASA was launched in 1958

• Yuri Gagarin launched in 1961

• Valentina Tereshkova launched in 1963

• US moon landing in 1969 making Astronauts new celebrities and leading to Futuristic designs Eg: TV shows (Star Trek), car engineering, architecture (LAX Airport), fashion designed

• The Space Race was ment to prove technological and ideological superiority

• Products influenced by the space race : TV shows (Star Trek), toys (moon shoes, Kosmonaut figurine), architecture (LAX Airport), fashion

• Leonid Brezhnev (1964 - 1982)

Politics During Brezhnev Rule

• Re-Stalinization + Oppression + Violence Domestically
• Détente (Relaxing of tensions) SALT I (1972) + SALT II (1979) With Nixon
• Brezhnev intervined to support communism 1968 ( Esp Eastern satellite states)
• Truman doctrine contrasted this 1947
• Soviet used militaies
• Backlash against Brezhnev
• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
• Afghan seize power 1978 but were conflicted by Mujahideen from the US & Britain
• Civil War broke out 1979 when Brezhnev invades to fight rebels
• 1989 because long-term impact: instability till today
• Afghanistan invated
• Prague Spring

Prague Spring

• Where: Czechoslovakia

• Why: election of Alexander Dubček

• What: Decentralization of economy + Democratization / more rights, the soviets invade with 500,000 troops, only lasted 8 months before

• Decolonization (1945 - 1970s)

• Europe losing or giving up its colonies

• The countries became economical dependent + Independence movements

• War + violence, new nations, Mass migration to Europe (1950 - 1970s) 3 European empires: Germany

• Herero + Namaqua Genocide (1st genocide in 20th century) 1919

• Canada, UK, Middle East, British india etc around 1945

• The partition of India

• Partition of India (Hindu v. Muslim) 1947, to grant indepense to India/ 6 countries Pakistan + India + Bhutan + Sri Lanka + Bangladesh + Burma (Myanmar)

Non-Aligned Movement (1961)

• Belgrade Conference hosted in Yugoslavia
• 24 non-aligned countries attendees (Africa + Asia)
• Mutual respect + non-aggression + peaceful coexistence

French-Algerian War (1954 - 1962)

• Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
• Happened in Algeria's territory with repercussions in metropolitan France.
• October 17, 1961: Paris Massacre Algerian Massacre in the heart of Paris + 30,000 protestors in Paris (Algerian, pro-FLN)
• The critical academic study of the political, economic, and cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands

French-Algerian War

• Franzt fanom, middle class and a psychiatrisz
• Family Reuntion Policy in the 1970', and risinig unempoloyment
• Europe
• Remignation Law + Turkish Guest Workers/Guest Worker Program (1961 - 1973) with the decoininatio and econoic crisis of the 1980s
• Strict bored contrile and cextrophibia

1960s sexual revolution

• Sexual revolution (1960s)
• 1961/ birth control and abortion
• Anti comunisit
• Soviet Union Woman
• Legal document with homeoesxuxality
• Homosuxeualit6
• The HIV Aids CRISIS in the 1980s
• Trnasimetted by transufion
• Fluid
• Sexists in te usa
• Low ecoonimcs men