Eukaryotic Gene Expression Quiz

<p>Complex chromosomal packaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It distorts local DNA structure allowing TFIIB to bind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TFIIH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation of its polypeptide tail by TFIIH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elongation factors load onto RNA polymerase for active transcription. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It couples with ATP hydrolysis to facilitate strand separation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unwinds the DNA helix and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uracil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a promoter region that facilitates the binding of transcription factors and RNA polymerase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribose contains one more oxygen atom than deoxyribose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assemble on the promoter to orient RNA polymerase and initiate transcription. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA contains uracil, whereas DNA contains thymine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storing genetic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase stability of mRNA and facilitate export to cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are short protein-coding sequences scattered throughout the gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as ribozymes that catalyze splicing reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They indicate successful completion of splicing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the formation of a lariat structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introns must be removed and exons stitched together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>snRNPs recognizing splice-site sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mRNA will accumulate in the nucleus and degrade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mediate the export of mRNA to the cytosol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poly-A-binding proteins, cap-binding complex, and exon junction complexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can either activate or repress transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through integration of various environmental signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can become harmful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of a Transcription Initiation Complex (TIC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit the assembly of the TIC or block RNA polymerase progression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are degraded and can be reused for transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combinations of transcription regulators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To fine-tune gene expression after transcription initiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the production of different mRNAs and proteins from one gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosome access to mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longer mRNA lifespan allows for multiple translations of the same mRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of specific binding sites for degradation factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific gene expression in response to various signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can coordinate the expression of multiple genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which information encoded in DNA is used to synthesize functional products like proteins in eukaryotic cells.

Different types of RNA (like mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) play specific roles in translating DNA information into functional products.

Proteins that control the rate of gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, promoting or inhibiting transcription.

Organizing DNA into chromosomes involves multiple levels of packaging, making DNA accessible while preventing tangling.

Process of creating RNA from DNA (transcription) followed by modification of the RNA molecule (processing) before it is used.

A group of proteins (transcription factors) that assemble at the start of a gene, enabling RNA polymerase to bind and begin transcription.

TFIID binds specifically to DNA promoter regions, triggering a local DNA distortion that recruits other transcription factors like TFIIB.

TFIIH plays dual roles: it unwinds the DNA double helix exposing the template strand, and it phosphorylates RNA polymerase tail to initiate transcription.

Once RNA polymerase is phosphorylated by TFIIH, it releases most general transcription factors, except for TFIID, to begin transcribing the gene.

Elongation factors join actively transcribing RNA polymerase to help with the process of reading DNA and creating RNA. They are not part of the initial transcription initiation complex.

Addition of a 5' cap (modified guanine nucleotide) to the mRNA molecule during transcription.

Addition of a poly-A tail (a string of adenine nucleotides) to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule.

Capping protects the mRNA from degradation and helps it bind to the ribosome for translation.

Polyadenylation increases mRNA stability and facilitates its export from the nucleus.

Non-coding sequences within a gene that are removed during RNA splicing.

Coding sequences within a gene that are joined together during RNA splicing to form a mature mRNA.

Process of removing introns and joining exons together to form a mature mRNA.

A complex of proteins and snRNAs that catalyzes RNA splicing.

RNA carries genetic information from DNA, using a similar language but different chemical forms (ribose sugar, uracil base, single-stranded).

An enzyme that makes RNA by unwinding DNA and then catalyzing the joining of nucleotides.

A specific type of RNA polymerase involved in transcribing genes to produce mRNA.

The point on DNA where RNA synthesis begins.

DNA sequences upstream of the transcription start site that tell RNA polymerase where and how to start transcription.

A common promoter sequence recognized by RNA polymerase II.

Proteins required for RNA polymerase binding to the promoter and initiating transcription.

A subunit of TFIID that binds to the TATA box and bends DNA.

The process of moving correctly processed mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

A gate-like structure that controls the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Non-functional RNA molecules, such as excised introns, broken RNA, or aberrantly spliced transcripts, that are degraded within the nucleus.

Specific DNA sequences that transcription regulators bind to, often integrating information from various signals to control gene expression.

A large protein complex that helps facilitate the assembly of the transcription initiation complex and RNA polymerase at the promoter.

Proteins that inhibit transcription by blocking the formation of the transcription initiation complex or preventing RNA polymerase from moving forward.

A group of proteins, including general transcription factors and RNA polymerase, that assemble at the promoter region of a gene to initiate transcription.

The process where multiple transcription regulators work together to control the expression of a gene. Each regulator binds to a specific DNA sequence, and their combined activity determines the transcription rate.

Mechanisms that regulate gene expression after transcription has occurred. These mechanisms fine-tune protein production by controlling mRNA processing, stability, and translation.

A process where different combinations of exons within a gene are included in the final mRNA, leading to multiple protein isoforms from a single gene.

Mechanisms that regulate the lifespan of mRNA molecules. This influences the amount of protein produced from each mRNA.

The longer an mRNA molecule survives, the more protein it can produce. Short-lived mRNAs result in lower protein levels.

Alternative splicing increases the diversity of proteins produced from a single gene. This allows cells to specialize and respond to different conditions.

By regulating the rate at which mRNA molecules are broken down, cells can control the amount of protein produced. Degradation can either prevent an excessive amount of protein or allow for rapid production.