Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles Quiz

Eukaryotic Cells and their Organelles

• Eukaryotic cells are the structural unit of the body and contain a nucleus and other organelles with specific functions that work together to maintain the cell's shape and functionality.

Cytoplasm

• Cytoplasm is a viscous fluid that contains organelles, interconnected filaments and fibers (cytosol), and storage substances.

Nucleus

• The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA), which directs protein production and cellular processes.
• The nucleus controls gene expression and initiates DNA replication.
• The nucleolus within the nucleus is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made.
• The nuclear envelope has pores that allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus.

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria are the "powerhouse" of the cell.
• They convert the potential energy of food molecules into ATP through cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• The ER is involved in the movement of substances within the cell.
• There are two types of ER: smooth and rough.

Smooth ER

• Performs functions such as lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, steroid synthesis in gland cells, regulation of calcium in muscle cells, and breakdown of toxic substances in liver cells.

Rough ER

• Covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance.
• Provides a surface for ribosomes to synthesize secretory proteins (important for protein-secreting cells like endocrine glands).
• Involved in the synthesis of polypeptide/protein hormones.

Golgi Apparatus

• Stores, modifies, and packages proteins into vesicles.
• The vesicles transport proteins to their destination within or outside the cell.

Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.