Eukaryotic Cells and Endomembrane System
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining feature of animal cells when compared to plant cells?

  • Larger vacuoles
  • Lack of cell walls and chloroplasts (correct)
  • Presence of a rigid cell wall
  • Presence of chloroplasts

    • Which organelle is responsible for controlling many of the cell's functions by regulating protein synthesis?

  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosome

    • What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells?

  • Packaging proteins and carbohydrates (correct)
  • Transport of materials through the cell
  • Production of ribosomal RNA
  • Synthesis of lipids

    • Which structure within the nucleus is involved in the production of ribosomal RNA?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly characterizes the cell membrane?

    <p>It allows selective substances to pass into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in animal cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>It regulates what enters and exits the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct cell types are there approximately in the adult human body?

    <p>210</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of size?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells are typically larger, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Break down food vacuoles and waste materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are eukaryotic chromosomes organized during nuclear division?

    <p>They are separated by a microtubular spindle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the initial processing and modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature specific to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a double membrane surrounding the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cytoskeleton play in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Defines the organization and shape of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main function does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum perform in a cell?

    <p>Transports materials and produces lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is often referred to as the 'stomach of the cell'?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Convert energy from glucose into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes are involved in which of the following processes?

    <p>Detoxification of harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes lysosomes from peroxisomes?

    <p>Formation in the Golgi complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role do centrosomes play during cell division?

    <p>Facilitate the formation of microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain?

    <p>Hydrolase enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do peroxisomes reproduce?

    <p>By self-replicating through accumulation of components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells are lysosomes primarily found?

    <p>Animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

    • Size: Larger than prokaryotic cells (10-100 micrometers)

    • Organelles: Contain internal membrane-bound structures, called organelles, which perform specialized functions.

    • Cytoskeleton: Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments; responsible for cell organization and shape.

    • DNA: Divided into linear bundles called chromosomes, separated during nuclear division by a microtubular spindle

    Endomembrane System

    • Vesicles & Vacuoles: Simple compartments that can bud off from other membranes

    • Endocytosis: Process where the outer membrane invaginates and pinches off to form vesicles, allowing for the intake of food and other materials.

    • Nucleus: Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope), with pores controlling material movement

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Tube and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane involved in protein transport and maturation

      • Rough ER: Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis, proteins enter the ER lumen

      • Smooth ER: Budding off from rough ER, transports proteins and lipids to Golgi apparatus and membranes

    • Golgi Apparatus (Dictyosomes): Stacks of flattened vesicles that modify proteins carried by vesicles from the ER

    • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for breaking down food vacuole contents, worn-out organelles, and cellular debris

    • Peroxisomes: Contain oxidative enzymes for breaking down toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide

    • Contractile Vacuoles (Protozoa): Collect and expel excess water

    • Extrusomes (Protozoa): Expel material for defense or capturing prey

    Animal Cells

    • Distinct Features: Lack cell walls and chloroplasts, smaller vacuoles, flexible shapes

    • Cell Types: Approximately 210 distinct cell types in the human body

    Animal Cell Organelles

    • Plasma Membrane: Thin layer of protein and fat surrounding the cell, selectively permeable

    • Nucleus: Spherical body containing the nucleolus, controls cellular functions and contains DNA (chromosomes)

    • Nucleolus: Organelle within the nucleus, responsible for ribosomal RNA production

    • Golgi Apparatus: Involved in packaging proteins and carbohydrates into vesicles for export

    • Ribosomes: Small organelles involved in protein synthesis

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Sites of protein maturation

      • Rough ER: Covered in ribosomes, produces proteins and transports materials

      • Smooth ER: Buds off from rough ER, produces and digests lipids, transports newly made proteins and lipids

    • Central Vacuole (Plants): Primarily maintains osmotic pressure, takes up majority of cell volume

    Reproduction

    • Mitosis: Nuclear division that ensures each daughter nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome

    • Sexual Reproduction: Involves alternation between haploid and diploid generations, with nuclear fusion (syngamy) and meiosis

    Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

    • Surface Area:Volume Ratio: Eukaryotes have a smaller ratio leading to lower metabolic rates and longer generation times

    • Specialization: In multicellular organisms, cells specialized for metabolism (like intestinal vili) have enlarged surface area

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    Related Documents

    NPTEL Biotechnology - Cell Biology - Module 1 - Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of eukaryotic cells, focusing on their four kingdoms, size, organelles, and cytoskeleton. Additionally, learn about the endomembrane system, including the roles of vesicles, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Test your understanding of these crucial cellular processes.

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