28 Questions
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
What is the role of plasma membrane in a cell?
Serves as a selectively permeable membrane barrier
According to the cell theory, what do all organisms consist of?
Cells
What are the main components that all cells have?
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and plasma membrane
What is the significance of the endosymbiotic theory in explaining the existence of eukaryotic cells?
It explains the origin of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which of the following is a distinctive feature of prokaryotic cells?
Presence of at least one chromosome
What is a characteristic of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
They are used for protein synthesis
What is a function of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells?
Essential for cell division
What is the primary structural component of the cell wall in bacteria?
Polysaccharide peptidoglycan
What is a benefit of organelle compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?
Separation of incompatible chemical reactions
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
Protein and lipid synthesis
What is a characteristic of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
Site of protein synthesis
What is the function of the cell wall in fungi, algae, and plants?
Provides durable outer layer and structural support to the cell
Which component of the cytoskeleton serves as highways that motor proteins drag organelles across?
Microtubules
What is the function of actin filaments in cell movement?
Causing bulges in the plasma membrane during cell crawling
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the primary function of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?
Storage of materials and waste
Which type of cells lack a cell wall and are supported by extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Animal cells
What are the long fibers that radiate throughout the cell to resist tension?
Intermediate filaments
Which component of the cytoskeleton forms a dense mesh under the nuclear envelope?
Intermediate filaments
What is the function of the nuclear lamins?
Defines shape of nucleus and stabilizes envelope
Which organelle processes, sorts, and ships proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Golgi apparatus
What is the function of lysosomes in a eukaryotic cell?
Recycling centers with enzymes for breaking down macromolecules
What can result from a genetic defect affecting lysosomal enzymes in a eukaryotic cell?
Lysosomal storage diseases
What comprises the endomembrane system in a eukaryotic cell?
ER, Golgi, and lysosomes
What directs proteins to their specific organelles in a eukaryotic cell?
Specific amino acid sequences (zip codes)
What is the function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?
Supplying ATP to cells
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant and fungal cells?
Serve storage and structural support functions
Study Notes
Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) manufactures proteins with various fates
- Proteins made on RER are folded, processed, and can have diverse functions
- Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and ships proteins synthesized in the RER
- Vesicles transport materials to and from the Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes are recycling centers with enzymes for breaking down macromolecules
- Mutation in a gene for an acid hydrolase protein can disrupt lysosomal function
- Lysosomal storage diseases result from genetic defects affecting lysosomal enzymes
- The endomembrane system comprises the ER, Golgi, and lysosomes
- Proteins have specific amino acid sequences (zip codes) for directing them to their organelles
- Mitochondria supply ATP to cells and have their own DNA and ribosomes
- Chloroplasts in plant and algal cells perform photosynthesis and have their own DNA
- Vacuoles in plant and fungal cells serve storage and structural support functions
Test your knowledge of eukaryotic cell structure and function with this quiz. Explore the roles of organelles like the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Learn about the endomembrane system, protein targeting, and the functions of vacuoles in plant and fungal cells.
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