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Questions and Answers
Eukaryotic cells are structurally and functionally less complex than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are structurally and functionally less complex than prokaryotic cells.
False (B)
Which of the following are similarities between animal and plant cells? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are similarities between animal and plant cells? (Select all that apply)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (correct)
- Nucleus (correct)
- Cytoplasm
- Cell Membrane (correct)
- Ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus (correct)
- Mitochondria (correct)
- Lysosomes
Which of the following organelles is unique to plant cells?
Which of the following organelles is unique to plant cells?
- Vacuole
- Chloroplasts (correct)
- Centrioles
- Peroxisomes
- Cell Wall
What is the function of a cell wall in plant cells?
What is the function of a cell wall in plant cells?
Animal cells have a central vacuole that stores water, ions, nutrients, and waste products.
Animal cells have a central vacuole that stores water, ions, nutrients, and waste products.
Centrioles are involved in cell division in both animal and plant cells.
Centrioles are involved in cell division in both animal and plant cells.
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in animal cells?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in animal cells?
What is the main difference between the cell membrane and plasma membrane?
What is the main difference between the cell membrane and plasma membrane?
The organization of a virus is similar to that of a living cell.
The organization of a virus is similar to that of a living cell.
What is the protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus called?
What is the protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus called?
What is the main difference between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses?
What is the main difference between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses?
Viral proteins are essential for host cell recognition, attachment, and entry.
Viral proteins are essential for host cell recognition, attachment, and entry.
Viruses can reproduce independently, without the help of host cells.
Viruses can reproduce independently, without the help of host cells.
The organization of a virus is essential for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines.
The organization of a virus is essential for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines.
Flashcards
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Complex cells with membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
A protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Nucleus
Nucleus
The control center of a eukaryotic cell containing DNA.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Cell Wall
Cell Wall
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Vacuole
Vacuole
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Centrioles
Centrioles
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Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes
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Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
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Virus Structure
Virus Structure
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Genetic Material (Virus)
Genetic Material (Virus)
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Capsid
Capsid
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Envelope (Virus)
Envelope (Virus)
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Viral Proteins
Viral Proteins
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Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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Animal vs Plant Cells
Animal vs Plant Cells
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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ATP
ATP
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Membrane-bound Organelles
Membrane-bound Organelles
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Lipid Bilayer
Lipid Bilayer
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Cellular Machinery
Cellular Machinery
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Virus Lifecycle
Virus Lifecycle
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Antiviral Treatments
Antiviral Treatments
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Study Notes
Eukaryotic Cell Organization
- Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells
- They have membrane-bound organelles, performing specialized functions
- Eukaryotic cells (animals and plants) share common features due to a shared ancestry
- Key differences exist between animal and plant cells
Similarities between Animal and Plant Cells
- Cell membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes (more common in animal cells)
- Ribosomes
Differences between Animal and Plant Cells
- Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, providing support and protection. Animal cells lack this.
- Chloroplasts: Plant cells contain chloroplasts, sites of photosynthesis, converting light energy to chemical energy. Animal cells lack chloroplasts.
- Vacuole: Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storing water, ions, nutrients, and waste products, Animal cells may contain smaller, sometimes multiple vacuoles.
- Centrioles: Animal cells possess centrioles, involved in cell division. Plant cells lack centrioles.
- Peroxisomes: Both plant and animal cells contain peroxisomes. Their functions and numbers can vary between the two, with roles in fatty acid metabolism, detoxification, and bile acid synthesis (in animals); photorespiration, purine metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism in plants.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure (diagram)
- Diagram shows a plant cell (A) and an animal cell (B)
- Common features are labelled
- Differences are highlighted
- Plant cells may have lysosomes like structures called lytic vacuoles
- Microtubules and secretory vesicles also exist in plant cells
- Cell membrane and plasma membrane are the same structure
Comparison Table (Animal vs. Plant Cells)
- Cell Wall: Absent (animal), Present (plant)
- Shape: Variable (animal), Usually regular (plant)
- Vacuole: Small, numerous (animal), Large central (plant)
- Chloroplasts: Absent (animal), Present (plant)
- Lysosomes: Present (animal) but less common (plant)
- Centrioles: Present (animal), Absent (plant)
- Plasmodesmata: Present (plant), Absent (animal)
- Organelles Different functions in Animals and Plants
Comparison Table (Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells)
- Type of Organism: Bacteria, Archaea (prokaryotic), Multicellular organisms (eukaryotic)
- DNA Structure: Single, circular chromosome (prokaryotic); Multiple linear chromosomes (eukaryotic)
- Nucleus: Absent (prokaryotic), Present (eukaryotic)
- Organelles: Absent (prokaryotic), Present (eukaryotic)
- Ribosomes: Smaller (70S) (prokaryotic), Larger (80S) (eukaryotic)
- Size: Smaller (1-5 μm) (prokaryotic), Larger (10-100 μm) (eukaryotic)
- Cell Wall: Present (many prokaryotic), Present/absent, different compositions (eukaryotic)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Absent (prokaryotic), Present (eukaryotic)
- Golgi Apparatus: Absent (prokaryotic), Present (eukaryotic)
- Mitochondria: Absent (prokaryotic), Present (eukaryotic)
- Chloroplasts: Absent (prokaryotic), Present (plants)
- Flagella/Cilia: Simple (prokaryotic), Complex (9+2 microtubule arrangement) (eukaryotic)
- Reproduction: Binary fission (prokaryotic), Mitosis/Meiosis (eukaryotic)
- Examples: Bacteria, Archaea (prokaryotic); Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists (eukaryotic)
Viruses
- Simple structure compared to cells
- Lack cellular machinery (metabolism, energy production, replication)
- Rely on host cells for replication
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Capsid (protein coat)
- Some have an envelope (derived from host cell membrane)
- Viral proteins essential for infection process
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