Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of vaccines?

To prepare the immune system to recognize specific antigens (correct)

To treat infections caused by bacteria

To provide immediate immunity through antibiotics

To kill harmful pathogens directly

How does herd immunity function to prevent disease spread?

A large population vaccinated reduces virus spread (correct)

Only vaccinated individuals are immune

Only the elderly contribute to herd immunity

It works by directly killing pathogens in the environment

What type of immunity is innate immunity categorized as?

Targeted and temporary

Adaptive and slow to activate

Specific and long-lasting

Non-specific and immediate (correct)

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in phagocytosis?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of phagocytosis?

Chemotaxis signaling to attract phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell differentiates into macrophages?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory B cells in the immune system?

They remember previous encounters with pathogens for a quicker response. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is characteristic of fungi?

Chitin cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogen does humoral immunity primarily target?

Extracellular pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?

They destroy infected cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of fungi in medicine as mentioned?

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of fungi is responsible for producing spores?

Sporangia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the thread-like structures that make up the body of a fungus called?

Hyphae. Signup and view all the answers

What do saprophytic fungi primarily do?

Decompose dead organic matter. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell helps decide if a cell is good or bad?

T helper cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of MHC I and MHC II molecules in the immune response?

They identify self and present antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of diluting a bacteriophage sample?

To determine the concentration of the original phage sample Signup and view all the answers

Which method does NOT describe how viral nucleic acid can enter a host cell?

Budding Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'lysis' refer to in the context of viral infection?

The destruction of the host cell releasing new viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine contains a real, inactive virus that cannot replicate?

Inactivated Vaccine Signup and view all the answers

How do some bacteria develop resistance to lysozyme?

By modifying their peptidoglycan layer Signup and view all the answers

What type of viral entry involves the viral envelope fusing with the host cell membrane?

Fusion Signup and view all the answers

Which step immediately follows the injection of viral RNA into the host cell?

Replication of viral genetic material Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine uses genetic instructions to prompt an immune response?

mRNA Vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is observed on an Ouchterlony plate to indicate antibody-antigen interaction?

Visible precipitation line Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for how a virus can exit a host cell?

Injection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nutritional mode of algae?

Autotrophic Signup and view all the answers

Which group of protists is primarily characterized by its ability to undergo photosynthesis?

Algae Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a key feature of protozoa?

Cell wall presence Signup and view all the answers

Which method of movement is NOT associated with protozoa?

Cellular streaming Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines during an inflammatory response?

Dilate blood vessels and attract phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Giardia protozoa is known for being the active feeding and reproducing form?

Trophozoite Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

Specific targeting of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fungi is true?

Fungi have a cell wall made of chitin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of algae is most likely found in deeper waters?

Red algae Signup and view all the answers

What are the sticky ends in the context of bacterial restriction enzymes?

Overhanging complementary ends of cut DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the capsid in a virus?

To protect and enclose the viral genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

How does the pore size of agarose gel influence electrophoresis for DNA analysis?

Low % agarose is suitable for analyzing large DNA molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of enveloped viruses compared to non-enveloped viruses?

They have limited survival outside the host. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the host range of a virus?

The specific types of organisms and cells a virus can infect. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic infections?

Lytic infections lead to immediate production of new virus particles. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for RNA viruses during replication?

They use their own RNA polymerase enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the concept of specificity in viruses?

It determines how well a virus can attach to a host cell's receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about plaque formation in bacteriophage titer assays?

Plaques are clear areas caused by the lysis of bacterial cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms: Protista, Plants, Fungi, and Animals
Protista has two main groups: Algae (photosynthetic) and Protozoa (heterotrophic)
Protozoa can move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
Fungi are multicellular (except yeast) and sessile, feeding externally
Fungi use spores for reproduction and decompose organic matter
Fungi are used in medicine (e.g., antibiotics, statins)

Virus Structure and Function

Viruses are composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid)
Some viruses have an outer envelope (enveloped virus)
Spike proteins on the virus surface allow attachment to host cells
Lytic infection leads to cell lysis and release of new viruses
Lysogenic infection involves viral DNA integration into host DNA replication
Viruses reproduce within host cells using host cell machinery

Virus Replication and Vaccine Types

Viral nucleic acid enters the host cell via injection, endocytosis, or fusion
Inside the cell, viral genetic material is used to create new viruses
New viruses assemble and leave the host cell through lysis or budding
Vaccine types include attenuated, inactivated, and mRNA vaccines
Vaccines stimulate the immune system to fight the infection without causing illness

Immune System, Innate & Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity is the body's immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens via physical (skin, mucous membranes), chemical ( enzymes, etc.) barriers, and internal responses (inflammation, phagocytosis)
Adaptive immunity involves specific responses to particular pathogens
White blood cells (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) perform various roles in both innate and adaptive immunity
Phagocytosis is the process where cells engulf and destroy foreign material
Active immunization involves introducing antigens to create immunity (vaccination)
Passive immunization involves introducing antibodies to provide temporary protection

Bacteriophages and Restriction Enzymes

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophages can be studied using a plaque assay to determine the virus titer (concentration)
Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences
Restriction enzymes and electrophoresis are used to analyze DNA fragments

Lysozyme and Antibodies

Lysozyme is an enzyme that targets the cell walls of certain bacteria.
Lysozyme can be found in body fluids like tears and saliva
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that target specific antigens
Various techniques can be used to measure antibodies against antigens (e.g., ELISA, Ouchterlony plates)

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including their classifications and roles in ecosystems. It also covers the structure, function, and replication of viruses, alongside vaccine types and their importance in medicine. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts.