Questions and Answers
What is eubacteria?
A kingdom that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria.
What is peptidoglycan?
A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid.
What is a plasmid?
A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome.
What are some benefits of fermentation?
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What is the nucleoid?
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What is the function of ribosomes in bacteria?
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What is the role of the cell membrane?
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What is a pilus?
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What is a flagellum?
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What is the function of the capsule?
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What is the function of the cell wall?
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What are the typical sizes of Eubacteria?
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Which shapes are most common for Eubacteria?
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How do Eubacteria reproduce?
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Eubacteria reproduce only asexually.
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What is the relationship between legumes and Eubacteria?
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Why is uncooked meat considered bad for health?
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Study Notes
Eubacteria Overview
- Eubacteria is a kingdom encompassing all prokaryotes excluding archaebacteria.
- They play essential roles in fermentation, exemplified by the creation of yogurt and vinegar.
Cellular Structure
- Peptidoglycan: A compound forming rigid bacterial cell walls, composed of polypeptides and modified sugars.
- Nucleoid: A nucleus-like region containing the bacterium's DNA.
- Ribosomes: Cytoplasmic particles involved in protein synthesis by translating genetic messages into proteins.
- Cell Membrane: Also known as the plasma membrane; it is semi-permeable and regulates nutrient and waste transport.
- Capsule: Protective covering that aids in food storage and waste removal.
- Cell Wall: A protective, rigid structure made of peptidoglycan that maintains cell shape and withstands pressure.
Cellular Features
- Plasmid: Small DNA rings carrying accessory genes, independent of chromosomal DNA.
- Pili: Hair-like structures facilitating interaction between Eubacteria.
- Flagella: Long, whip-like structures enabling locomotion; movement speeds can reach about 50 µm/s.
Characteristics of Eubacteria
- Size: Generally microscopic, ranging from 0.5 µm to 5 µm.
- Shapes: Common forms include cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted/comma-shaped).
- DNA Structure: Each Eubacterium contains a single chromosome in the nucleoid, with additional plasmid DNA for replication.
Movement and Reproduction
- Movement: Many Eubacteria use one or multiple flagella, which can be positioned variously on the cell body.
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Reproduction: Eubacteria reproduce via binary fission (asexual) and conjugation (sexual).
- In binary fission, cells divide into two.
- During conjugation, two cells connect through pili, forming a mating bridge that transfers plasmid DNA.
Interactions with Other Organisms
- Eubacteria and legumes, especially the Rhizobium family, collaborate by fixing nitrogen in soil, which is vital for plant survival.
- Certain Eubacteria, such as E. coli, can cause foodborne illnesses, particularly from contaminated uncooked meat.
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Test your knowledge on eubacteria with these flashcards! Each card highlights key terms and definitions essential for understanding this kingdom of prokaryotes. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their learning.
