Ethnopharmacology and Drug Response

The study of how ethnicity affects responses to medications, focusing on drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion. It incorporates pharmacogenetics, which studies genetic variations in drug responses.

Multidisciplinary research investigating indigenous drugs, their biological activities, and their traditional medicinal uses.

The study of how genes influence responses to medications.

A group of enzymes that metabolize drugs, and variations in these enzymes can affect how individuals metabolize different medications.

Variations in genes among individuals, which can influence drug response.

Differences in how individuals react to medications, based on factors like ethnicity and genetics.

Medicines traditionally used by specific ethnic groups or cultures.

A group of people with a common lineage, often based on geographic origins, and presenting differing gene frequencies in a population.

Shared cultural bonds and/or a common genetic heritage.

A group's integrated set of beliefs, values, and customs, passed down across generations.

Study of how different ethnic groups respond to drugs, considering cultures and genetics.

How a drug works at its target site in the body.

The process of drug movement in the body, including absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.

Difference in how individuals in diverse ethnic groups metabolize and respond to medications.

Research studies that test the effects of any new medicine on patients.

Past medicine studies often primarily involved white men, leading to broad generalizations that may not apply to all.

Genetic variations in the vitamin K pathway influence how effectively warfarin, an anti-coagulant, works in different ethnic groups.

ACE inhibitors, used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, might be less effective in African Americans due to genetic differences in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Beta blockers, used for various conditions including high blood pressure, may show different effectiveness in individuals of African descent due to genetic factors influencing drug metabolism.

Enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, may show differing effectiveness when used to treat arterial hypertension in different ethnic groups.

Genetic variability between ethnic groups affects how individuals respond to various medications, such as warfarin, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers.

The CYP2D6 gene can be duplicated or multiplied, affecting the rate of drug metabolism.

Individuals with more than two functional copies of the CYP2D6 gene; they metabolize drugs faster than average.

Individuals with two non-functional copies of the CYP2D6 gene; they metabolize drugs more slowly than average

The process by which the body breaks down drugs.

The concentration of a drug in the blood plasma.

Differences in genes between individuals which affect drug response

Genetic variations in CYP2D6 affect how codeine is metabolized and can lead to adverse responses.

Multiple versions (forms) of a gene existing in a population, often not resulting in disease.

The process of changing a drug's chemical structure to make it easier to remove from the body.

Early drug metabolism steps that modify the drug molecule, often making it more water-soluble.

Further drug metabolism steps that add a molecule to the drug to help eliminate it from the body.

Enzymes involved in drug metabolism, often affected by genetic variations.

Different responses to the same drug among individuals, often due to genetics or other factors.

Genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes can lead to different drug effectiveness among individuals.

Unwanted or harmful effects experienced by a patient due to a medication.

Tailoring medical treatments to individual genetic makeup to improve effectiveness and safety.

Study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs.

Differences in how individuals respond to the same medicine.

Asking patients direct questions about potential side effects of a drug instead of open-ended questions.

Understanding and considering how patients communicate their illnesses, taking into account their preferred language and mode of communication.

Variations in people's genes that affect how their bodies process drugs.