week 9
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Questions and Answers

What is a critical step in ethnographic research?

  • Analyzing data
  • Using quantitative methods
  • Conducting interviews
  • Gaining access (correct)

Which role do complete participants assume in ethnographic research?

  • They maintain full detachment from the group
  • They primarily observe and take notes
  • They blend seamlessly into the group (correct)
  • They focus on covert data collection methods

What is the purpose of analytic memos in ethnographic research?

  • To connect raw data to theoretical insights (correct)
  • To document ethical considerations
  • To provide a summary of findings
  • To replace field notes

What ethical dilemma might arise from using covert participant observation?

<p>Deception and lack of consent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method identifies informants through networks?

<p>Snowball sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual ethnography primarily incorporates which of the following?

<p>Images as memory aids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ethnographic research, which role involves balancing interaction and observation?

<p>Observer-as-participant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research methods are ethnography and participant observation classified as?

<p>Qualitative research methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern associated with covert access in ethnographic research?

<p>It raises ethical concerns and logistical challenges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of field notes in ethnographic research?

<p>They serve as the primary records of observation and participation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is extended immersion considered ideal in ethnographic research?

<p>It enhances the understanding of cultural practices and social dynamics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice helps researchers maintain reflexivity during data collection?

<p>Journaling and dedicating time for entries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do analytic memos contribute to the research process?

<p>They connect raw data to interpretation and analytical frameworks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a context suitable for ethnographic research?

<p>Television shows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lecture emphasize about the writing habits of field notes?

<p>Journaling and time allocation for detailed notes are important. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge researchers face when planning for fieldwork duration?

<p>Practical constraints like funding and schedules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethnography

A qualitative research method that involves immersing oneself in a specific group or setting over time to understand its cultural, social, and organizational dynamics.

Participant Observation

A key technique in ethnographic research where the researcher actively participates in the setting they are studying, observing and interacting with participants.

Gaining Access in Ethnographic Research

The process of gaining access to the field of research, which can involve building trust, securing sponsorship, and negotiating terms of engagement.

Complete Participant

A role in participant observation where the researcher fully blends into the group, becoming indistinguishable from other participants.

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Complete Observer

A role in participant observation where the researcher maintains a detached perspective, primarily observing without actively interacting.

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Institutional Ethnography

A type of ethnographic research that focuses on understanding and analyzing the power dynamics within institutional structures.

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Field Notes in Ethnography

Field notes are detailed recordings of observations, reflections, and initial interpretations that are gathered during participant observation.

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Snowball Sampling

A sampling technique used in ethnography where participants are identified through existing networks and connections.

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Overt access

Gaining permission directly from individuals or organizations, often involving sponsors or gatekeepers. This approach may influence participants' behavior as they are aware of being observed.

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Covert access

Gaining access to a research setting without disclosing your research intentions. This allows for more natural interactions, but raises ethical concerns and logistical challenges with data collection.

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Field notes

Detailed written accounts of observations, experiences, and reflections made during field research. They can range from brief notes to comprehensive descriptions.

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Analytic memos

Notes that researchers write to connect their observations to their theoretical framework and emerging insights. They help to analyze and interpret the data collected in the field.

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Fieldwork

The period of time spent conducting research in a specific setting. It can range from brief visits to extended immersion, influenced by factors like funding, research goals, and participant availability.

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Ethnographic research settings

Diverse settings where cultural practices occur and can be studied through ethnographic research. Examples include raves, workplaces, protests, and various social groups.

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Study Notes

Ethnographic Research Methods

  • Ethnography emphasizes immersive engagement with a group or setting over time, enabling researchers to explore cultural, social, and organizational dynamics.
  • Ethnographers adapt their roles to fit study context and goals.
  • Gaining access is crucial, ranging from open public spaces to restricted organizations. Strategies include building trust, securing sponsorship and negotiation.
  • Covert approaches, while potentially bypassing formality, raise ethical concerns due to deception and lack of consent.
  • Ethnographers assume various roles, from complete participants to complete observers, with intermediate approaches like participant-as-observer and observer-as-participant balancing interaction and observation.
  • Data collection relies on field notes, audio recordings, photographs, and analytic memos.
  • Researchers use various approaches including visual ethnography.

Access and Ethical Considerations

  • Overt access involves direct permission, potentially altering participant behavior due to awareness of observation.
  • Covert access allows for natural interactions but raises ethical concerns and logistical challenges.
  • Time and activity in the field are emphasized, with extended immersion ideal but realistically constrained by factors like event schedules, funding, and participant limitations.
  • Fieldwork duration is impacted by various practical constraints.

Fieldwork and Data Collection

  • Researchers engage in observation, participation, interviews, and textual material collection.
  • Field notes, ranging from mental notes to detailed records, are primary data sources.
  • Effective field note habits include journaling, allocating time for detailed entries, and maintaining reflexivity.
  • Analytic memos connect raw data with interpretation, refining the analytical framework.
  • Field notes are important records encapsulating research processes and evolving researcher understanding.

Theoretical & Practical Aspects

  • Ethnography offers a multifaceted approach to understanding subjects.
  • The lecture and chapter offer complementary perspectives on ethnography and participant observation.
  • Field notes are essential for capturing observations and shaping analyses.
  • Ethics are central, especially in covert research.
  • The chapter offers theoretical frameworks, while the lecture provides examples.
  • Combined, they provide a comprehensive view that blends theory and fieldwork practice.

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