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Questions and Answers
Which category described by Lewin includes substances that cause hallucinations?
Which category described by Lewin includes substances that cause hallucinations?
- Phantastica (correct)
- Euphorica
- Exitantia
- Inebrantia
Who coined the term 'ethnobotany'?
Who coined the term 'ethnobotany'?
- John William Harshberger (correct)
- Louis Lewin
- Pedanius Dioscorides
- Charles Darwin
Which type of plastid is known for its role in storing starch?
Which type of plastid is known for its role in storing starch?
- Leucoplast (correct)
- Elaioplast
- Aleuroplast
- Chromoplast
Which of the following substances would be classified under 'Hypnotica'?
Which of the following substances would be classified under 'Hypnotica'?
Which of the following categories does not correspond to the types of psychoactive substances classified by Lewin?
Which of the following categories does not correspond to the types of psychoactive substances classified by Lewin?
What is the primary component that gives chromoplasts their distinctive color?
What is the primary component that gives chromoplasts their distinctive color?
What are the primary focuses of ethnobotany?
What are the primary focuses of ethnobotany?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the assembly of ribosomes?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for the assembly of ribosomes?
Which type of plastid is colorless and involved in the storage of oils?
Which type of plastid is colorless and involved in the storage of oils?
Which type of psychoactive substance is categorized as 'Euphorica'?
Which type of psychoactive substance is categorized as 'Euphorica'?
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
Which scientist proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection?
Which scientist proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection?
Which structure is composed of circular, flattened vesicles aligned in stacks?
Which structure is composed of circular, flattened vesicles aligned in stacks?
'Exitantia' includes which of the following substances?
'Exitantia' includes which of the following substances?
What is the primary role of carotenoids in plant cells?
What is the primary role of carotenoids in plant cells?
Which structure contains condensed chromatin strands and governs genetic activity?
Which structure contains condensed chromatin strands and governs genetic activity?
What is the primary role of vacuoles in a cell?
What is the primary role of vacuoles in a cell?
What is the function of the tonoplast?
What is the function of the tonoplast?
What is the composition of cell sap found within vacuoles?
What is the composition of cell sap found within vacuoles?
Which statement best describes the function of the nuclear envelope?
Which statement best describes the function of the nuclear envelope?
What is the primary component of chromatin?
What is the primary component of chromatin?
What effect does exposure to light have on chloroplasts during cytoplasmic streaming?
What effect does exposure to light have on chloroplasts during cytoplasmic streaming?
What role does cytoplasmic streaming play within a cell?
What role does cytoplasmic streaming play within a cell?
Which component of the nucleus is responsible for the storage of DNA?
Which component of the nucleus is responsible for the storage of DNA?
What is the primary use of Hypericum perforatum?
What is the primary use of Hypericum perforatum?
Which plant is recognized for its cognitive benefits, including memory impairment?
Which plant is recognized for its cognitive benefits, including memory impairment?
What is the primary action of Allium sativum?
What is the primary action of Allium sativum?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of plant cells but not animal cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of plant cells but not animal cells?
Which herb is primarily used as a mouthwash?
Which herb is primarily used as a mouthwash?
What is the primary benefit of using Vitex negundo?
What is the primary benefit of using Vitex negundo?
Which plant acts as an antidiabetic agent?
Which plant acts as an antidiabetic agent?
What is the significance of Robert Hooke in the study of cells?
What is the significance of Robert Hooke in the study of cells?
Which of the following plants is primarily used to treat kidney stones?
Which of the following plants is primarily used to treat kidney stones?
What is a major characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
What is a major characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
What is a primary function of xylem tissue?
What is a primary function of xylem tissue?
Which of the following describes tracheids?
Which of the following describes tracheids?
What distinguishes phloem tissue from xylem tissue?
What distinguishes phloem tissue from xylem tissue?
What type of cells primarily compose sclerenchyma tissue?
What type of cells primarily compose sclerenchyma tissue?
In what form are the conducting cells of xylem found?
In what form are the conducting cells of xylem found?
What role do companion cells play in phloem tissue?
What role do companion cells play in phloem tissue?
What is the main role of parenchyma tissue in plants?
What is the main role of parenchyma tissue in plants?
What is one characteristic of the xylem fiber?
What is one characteristic of the xylem fiber?
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Study Notes
Ethnobotany
- Study of traditional knowledge and customs regarding plants and their medicinal, religious, and other uses.
- Coined by John William Harshberger, who defined "ethnobotany" in 1895.
Important Figures
- Louis Lewin (1850-1929): Created a classification system for psychoactive drugs based on their effects; categorized drugs into five groups:
- Inebrantia: e.g., alcohol
- Excitantia: e.g., khat, amphetamine
- Euphorica: e.g., heroin
- Hypnotica: e.g., Kava
- Phantastica: e.g., Peyote, Ayahuasca
Plant Geography and Applications
- Charles Darwin: Proposed theory of biological evolution by natural selection.
- Various plants have specific uses in herbal medicine:
- Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort): Used for depression and cognitive deficiencies.
- Ginkgo biloba: Targets memory impairment and anxiety.
- Cassia senna: Used for constipation relief.
- Chamomilla recutita (Chamomile): Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Nutraceuticals or Functional Foods
- Includes garlic, ginger, turmeric, and other herbs and spices known for health benefits.
- Anthocyanin: Found in bilberries, cocoa, and red wine; has antioxidant properties.
- Carotenoid: Found in tomatoes, carrots, and various vegetables; essential for vision and immune function.
Important Drugs from Plants
- Allium sativum (Garlic): Anti-cholesterol properties.
- Cassia alata (Akapulko): Antifungal uses.
- Psidium guajava (Guava): Used as an oral and skin antiseptic.
- Mentha arvensis (Yerba Buena): Analgesic and antipyretic (fever reducer).
- Momordica charantia (Ampalaya): Lowers blood sugar, aids in diabetes management.
Basic Cell Biology
- Eukaryotic cells: Have a true nucleus containing DNA (e.g., fungi, plants, animals).
- Robert Hooke: First to observe cells in 1665; cells are the basic units of life.
- Cell theory: All life is composed of cells, which arise from pre-existing cells.
Plant vs. Animal Cells
- Plant cells contain:
- Chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
- Cell wall for structure.
- Animal cells contain:
- Centrioles, not present in plant cells.
Cellular Structures
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transportation system within the cell; rough ER is involved in protein synthesis.
- Golgi Bodies: Packaging and transport of proteins.
- Plasma Membrane: Selectively permeable, regulates substance entry and exit.
Nuclear Structures
- Nucleus: Command center of the cell housing DNA.
- Nucleolus: Site of ribosome assembly within the nucleus.
Vacuoles and Other Components
- Vacuoles: Store waste and food, maintain cell structure.
- Cytoplasmic Streaming: Movement of cytoplasm and organelles; influenced by light exposure.
Plant Tissues
- Xylem: Conducts water and minerals; consists of dead cells at maturity.
- Phloem: Transports sugars; includes sieve-tube members and companion cells.
Tissue Systems
- Dermal Tissue: Protection and prevention of water loss.
- Ground Tissue: Involved in storage and support.
- Vascular Tissue: Composed of xylem and phloem for transport of water/minerals and food, respectively.
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