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Questions and Answers
What is one possible outcome for immigrant children when they are not assimilated into the dominant culture?
What is one possible outcome for immigrant children when they are not assimilated into the dominant culture?
What term describes coded racial appeals by politicians to sway public opinion against minority groups?
What term describes coded racial appeals by politicians to sway public opinion against minority groups?
John Porter distinguished between behavioral assimilation and structural assimilation.
John Porter distinguished between behavioral assimilation and structural assimilation.
True
The discourse of colour-blindness acknowledges the significance of race in society.
The discourse of colour-blindness acknowledges the significance of race in society.
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What ideology describes the conflict between democratic principles and negative feelings about minority groups?
What ideology describes the conflict between democratic principles and negative feelings about minority groups?
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Name one of the three cultural traits described in 'The Triple Package' that contribute to the success of minority groups.
Name one of the three cultural traits described in 'The Triple Package' that contribute to the success of minority groups.
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Oscar Lewis’ _______ explains the challenges faced by the poor as part of their cultural context.
Oscar Lewis’ _______ explains the challenges faced by the poor as part of their cultural context.
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____ refers to subtle snubs that may undermine individuals' experiences.
____ refers to subtle snubs that may undermine individuals' experiences.
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Match the discourse with its description:
Match the discourse with its description:
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Match the following theories and concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following theories and concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following describes the Blocked Mobility Thesis?
Which of the following describes the Blocked Mobility Thesis?
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What did Thomas argue regarding ethnic cultures?
What did Thomas argue regarding ethnic cultures?
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Which critique of 'new racism' suggests its oversimplification of complex ideas?
Which critique of 'new racism' suggests its oversimplification of complex ideas?
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Feagin and Vera argue that racism can be perpetuated by people of color at the systemic level.
Feagin and Vera argue that racism can be perpetuated by people of color at the systemic level.
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According to Peter Li, there is a clear correspondence between people, culture, and nation.
According to Peter Li, there is a clear correspondence between people, culture, and nation.
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Milton Gordon proposed that assimilation is a linear process.
Milton Gordon proposed that assimilation is a linear process.
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Name the first stage of Milton Gordon's assimilation process.
Name the first stage of Milton Gordon's assimilation process.
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What evidence did Boyd (2002) find regarding assimilation in Canada?
What evidence did Boyd (2002) find regarding assimilation in Canada?
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What is a common view of racism in context to whiteness?
What is a common view of racism in context to whiteness?
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The cycle proposed by Robert Park includes contact, competition, accommodation, and ______.
The cycle proposed by Robert Park includes contact, competition, accommodation, and ______.
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Which hypothesis suggests that prejudice can be reduced under certain conditions?
Which hypothesis suggests that prejudice can be reduced under certain conditions?
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Match the following concepts to their definitions:
Match the following concepts to their definitions:
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Alejandro Portes' concept of segmented assimilation applies to the homogeneity of society.
Alejandro Portes' concept of segmented assimilation applies to the homogeneity of society.
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What are the elements of the race relations cycle proposed by Robert Park?
What are the elements of the race relations cycle proposed by Robert Park?
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What is a primary concern regarding the genetic mapping of the human genome?
What is a primary concern regarding the genetic mapping of the human genome?
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Ethnicity is defined by common descent, tribe, culture, language, religion, and nationality.
Ethnicity is defined by common descent, tribe, culture, language, religion, and nationality.
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What term is used to describe the socially constructed category for categorizing humans based on perceived differences?
What term is used to describe the socially constructed category for categorizing humans based on perceived differences?
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Racialization draws attention to a person's ______ as a way to explain interactions.
Racialization draws attention to a person's ______ as a way to explain interactions.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is a critique of the view that racism is exclusively a white issue?
What is a critique of the view that racism is exclusively a white issue?
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Which of the following statements describes 'new racism' as articulated by Martin Barker?
Which of the following statements describes 'new racism' as articulated by Martin Barker?
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Colorism only occurs within white society.
Colorism only occurs within white society.
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Microaggressions only encompass intentional acts of discrimination.
Microaggressions only encompass intentional acts of discrimination.
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What is the significance of the 0.1% difference in human genetic material as sought by the Haplotype Project?
What is the significance of the 0.1% difference in human genetic material as sought by the Haplotype Project?
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What does primordialism suggest regarding ethnicity and race?
What does primordialism suggest regarding ethnicity and race?
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The belief in a common descent can give rise to the formation of ______.
The belief in a common descent can give rise to the formation of ______.
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The concept of ________ refers to favoritism based on kinship.
The concept of ________ refers to favoritism based on kinship.
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Match the theorist with their perspective:
Match the theorist with their perspective:
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Ethnicity is generally linked to biological factors.
Ethnicity is generally linked to biological factors.
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Which of the following is a limitation of primordialism?
Which of the following is a limitation of primordialism?
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What phenomenon do some scholars argue is the only form of racism?
What phenomenon do some scholars argue is the only form of racism?
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The new racism indicates that categorizations based on ________ and ethnicity persist.
The new racism indicates that categorizations based on ________ and ethnicity persist.
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Which theory helps analyze events such as the killings of Rodney King and George Floyd?
Which theory helps analyze events such as the killings of Rodney King and George Floyd?
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What is meant by institutional completeness?
What is meant by institutional completeness?
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Non-territorial autonomy only applies to groups with clear geographical boundaries.
Non-territorial autonomy only applies to groups with clear geographical boundaries.
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What term is used to describe the problematic historical definition of 'race' prior to the late 19th century?
What term is used to describe the problematic historical definition of 'race' prior to the late 19th century?
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The Greek word for 'people' that forms the basis of the term 'ethnicity' is __________.
The Greek word for 'people' that forms the basis of the term 'ethnicity' is __________.
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What assumption is NOT associated with scientific theories of racial typologies?
What assumption is NOT associated with scientific theories of racial typologies?
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The classification of Indigenous people as 'heathen' solely based on cultural differences had no impact on the justification for colonialism.
The classification of Indigenous people as 'heathen' solely based on cultural differences had no impact on the justification for colonialism.
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Which European publication in 1850 focused on racial typologies among different ethnic groups?
Which European publication in 1850 focused on racial typologies among different ethnic groups?
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Emile Durkheim describes the collective conscience as a primary source of __________ formation.
Emile Durkheim describes the collective conscience as a primary source of __________ formation.
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Which example illustrates the concept of non-territorial autonomy?
Which example illustrates the concept of non-territorial autonomy?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Meanings of ethnicity and race are historically specific, varying across time and place.
- Ethnicity and race are important in forming social groups, real or imagined communities.
- Ethnicity and race are relational concepts, representing lived experiences and social inequality.
- Ethnicity is often linked with symbolic cultural characteristics like customs, beliefs, language, history, etc.
- Race is an irrational way of categorizing people based on physical characteristics, rooted in 19th-century pseudoscience.
- Colonialism, exploitation, and slavery have led to the subordination of non-Westerners.
- Dominant groups create "self" and "other" constructs to maintain group boundaries and exclude others.
- Identities are created and maintained within institutions.
- Institutional completeness measures the extent an ethnic group forms institutions.
Institutional Completeness
- Ethnic institutions are sites (economic, educational, religious, social) where ethnic identity is developed. (e.g., language schools, religious institutions
- Institutional completeness is the extent that an ethnic group forms organizations for their members.
- These organizations ("educational, religious, or social") serve ethnic group members, like ethnic credit unions or co-ethnic professionals' services.
A Short History of "Race"
- Historical definitions of race varied – tied to lineage and environment, not always physical characteristics.
- European exploration and contact with other peoples led to differences in physical appearances, culture, religion being used to justify slavery and colonialism.
- Indigenous people were often classified as "heathen" (irreligious) based on religious differences.
- This served as justification for colonial settlement of indigenous lands.
- By the 19th century, race was seen as explaining physical, social, moral, and intellectual differences among people, with Europeans positioned as superior.
- Scientific classifications and typologies supported racial hierarchies and biases.
"Race" and Scientific Racism
- A doctrine of distinct, permanent types of humans exists.
- Physical differences and behaviors are expressions of permanent biological types.
- Cultural variation is derived from biological type.
- Races are hierarchically ranked as superior or inferior.
Ethnicity
- Roots in the Greek word "ethnos" meaning "people."
- Collective conscience (shared feelings and preferences for one's own group).
- Group formation includes social practices of inclusion/exclusion, influencing the distribution of resources.
- Ethnicity is driven by common descent, tribe, culture, language, religion, and nationality.
- Denotes the common identity of groups based on heredity and endogamous groups.
- Group boundaries can be based on perceived differences.
The Human Genome Project
- Research shows humans share 99.9% of genetic material.
- Genetic mapping raises ethical implications.
Racialization and the Social Construction of "Race"
- Race is socially constructed for categorizing humans
- Reifies "race" (treats it as real).
- Individuals/groups can be racially categorized and interactions can be explained this way despite it not being measurable.
Racism
- No single agreed-upon definition exists.
- Old-style racism and discrimination may be replaced by micro-aggressions (subtle racism).
- Types of microaggressions include microassaults, microinsults, and microinvalidations.
“Dog-whistle” politics
- Coded racial appeals directed towards minority groups.
- "Tough on crime" in the U.S. is a code for "tough on Black and LatinX people."
- Democratic racism is an ideology where commitments to democratic principles coexist with negative feelings toward minority groups.
White Racism: The Only Racism?
- Racism is inherent to white people, based on institutional power
- Critiques highlight issues with this view – Minorities can also exhibit racism, and racial bias can exist within all groups.
Chapter 2: Theory & Race Theory
- Theories are based on hypotheses and empirical evidence.
- They explain and predict social phenomena, like events like Rodney King’s and George Floyd’s.
- Theoretical perspectives are used to understand "race" and ethnic relations.
Primordialism and Socio-biology
- Ethnicity and race are discrete, ascriptive (fixed) characteristics, often tied to predetermined criteria, like birth or bloodlines.
- Ethnic groups band together for survival and propagation.
- Primoridialism often ties ethnicity/race to blood ties.
Culture & Assimilation
- Assimilation is a seven-stage process for adapting to a dominant culture.
- First is cultural and behavioral adaptation, then structural integration, followed by marital blending, identity change, acceptance by others, no discrimination, and finally, no more conflict over values.
Culture and Socio-economic Success
- Argues cultural values/biological factors affect psychological makeup influencing cognitive perceptions and economic achievements.
Conflict Theory and Political Economy
- Race and ethnicity are relational concepts
- Overlap with class as a central theme to understanding conflict, power, and economic relations.
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Description
Test your understanding of the concepts of ethnicity and race, their historical contexts, and their roles in social identity and inequality. This quiz covers the implications of colonialism, the formation of social groups, and the significance of institutional completeness in ethnic communities.
