Psychology condense p 105-111 Ethnicity and Assimilation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a benefit of economic globalization?

  • A more efficient distribution of resources, increased production, and lower prices. (correct)
  • The diminished transfer of cultural practices.
  • A decrease in product output and higher prices.
  • Increased exploitation of workers in core countries.

What are key components of a successful social movement?

  • A lack of shared ideas and goals among members.
  • A high level of satisfaction among its members.
  • Organization, strong leadership, and sufficient resources. (correct)
  • Disorganization, minimal leadership, and limited resources.

What distinguishes an activist movement from a regressive/reactionary movement?

  • There is no distinction between activist and regressive movements.
  • Activist movements resist change while regressive ones promote change.
  • Activist movements aim to alter society while regressive movements try to maintain current society. (correct)
  • Activist movements are driven by dissatisfaction while regressive movements are driven by satisfaction.

According to Mass Society theory, why do people join social movements?

<p>To seek refuge from mainstream society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests groups must feel a sense of injustice in order to act?

<p>Relative Deprivation Theory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Resource Mobilization theory, what is a key component for a social movement?

<p>Access to various resources like funds and media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core component does Rational Choice theory rely on to explain social movements?

<p>The idea that people weigh the pros and cons and make decisions to better themselves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the downsides of economic globalization, as discussed in the text?

<p>Exploitation of workers in other countries and potential job losses in core countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of 'gender expression'?

<p>The way an individual outwardly presents their gender. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason why some intersex individuals may have different sex characteristics than typically defined?

<p>They are born with hormone variations, sometimes resulting in both male and female characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that all countries follow a similar path of development towards modernity?

<p>Modernization Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'cis-gender'?

<p>A person whose gender identity is the same as their sex assigned at birth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did increased security checks lead to after 9/11?

<p>More difficult immigration processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dependency Theory, what is a primary characteristic of periphery countries in relation to core countries?

<p>They primarily export resources to core countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective views globalization as a fundamentally new era in human history, where nation states become less important?

<p>Hyperglobalist Perspective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what characterizes a 'rural' area?

<p>An area with a population of less than 1000 people per square mile. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Skeptical Perspective on globalization is primarily characterized by the idea that it is:

<p>A process that is primarily regionalized rather than globalized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'gender script' as it is described in the text?

<p>Organized information about the expected order of actions for familiar situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on globalization suggests that national governments are changing, possibly becoming less important, but without a clear outcome?

<p>Transformationalist Perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is a common misconception about sexual orientation?

<p>It is not dependent on sex/gender of person. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trade and Transnational Corporations are supported by which type of international regulatory groups?

<p>World Trade Organizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'gender schema' primarily refer to?

<p>The cognitive structures that constitute the male or female gender identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the influence of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) on global trade?

<p>They can influence global trade laws and economies due to their size and reach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a major impact of globalization on a country?

<p>Impact on political party systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of children a woman in the US gives birth to in her lifetime?

<p>2.1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two factors primarily contribute to a decrease in population within a country?

<p>Death and emigration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the demographic transition model, which stage is characterized by high birth rates and high death rates?

<p>Stage 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the demographic transition model, during which stage does population growth primarily rise due to decreasing death rates?

<p>Stage 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the demographic transition model, which factor contributes to a decline in birth rates in the third stage?

<p>Fewer childhood deaths and the reduced economic benefit of children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the world-systems theory?

<p>Emphasis on the world as a single unit with countries categorized into core, periphery and semi-periphery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the world-systems theory, which category do Western Europe and the US fall under?

<p>Core (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes the semi-periphery in world-systems theory?

<p>Countries situated with an intermediate position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a megalopolis?

<p>A connected network of multiple metropolises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is a frequent critique of urban renewal?

<p>It can result in gentrification, displacing lower-income residents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between fertility and fecundity?

<p>Fertility measures the actual number of births, while fecundity measures the potential reproductive capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary cause for people moving from rural to urban areas according to the content?

<p>A decrease in job opportunities in rural locations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the term 'exurbs'?

<p>Prosperous areas outside of cities where residents commute into the city for work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature that distinguishes suburbanization from other population shifts?

<p>It is defined by the relocation of people from cities to the surrounding areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor that could potentially increase a population's growth rate?

<p>Mortality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'rural rebound'?

<p>When people move from cities back to rural areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes how ethnicity is defined?

<p>By shared language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a minority group?

<p>They are treated differently due to certain characteristics and make up less than half of a population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how racial differences can lead to drastic events?

<p>Genocide or population transfer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'assimilation' refer to in social contexts?

<p>When one's culture comes to resemble that of another group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pluralism' primarily encourage within a society?

<p>Racial and ethnic variation and difference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are minority groups 'racialized' by dominant groups?

<p>The dominant group identifies minority groups using classifications they didn't choose for themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do immigrants often face severe challenges in new countries?

<p>Because people of the host country are often wary of different cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one potential positive effect of immigration for a country?

<p>It can help alleviate labor shortages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethnicity

A group of people who share a common language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factor.

Minority

A group that makes up less than half of the total population and is often treated differently due to certain characteristics.

Assimilation

The process by which one group's culture comes to resemble that of another group.

Pluralism

A society that embraces diverse ethnicities and cultures.

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Racialization

The act of assigning a racial identity to someone that they themselves may not identify with.

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Immigration

The movement of people from one country to another to live permanently.

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Immigrants

People who move from one country to another to live permanently.

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Transnational corporation exploitation

The act of taking advantage of cheap labor in other countries to reduce costs.

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Metropolis

A large urban area with a population exceeding 500,000 people.

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Megalopolis

A continuous urban region formed by the merging of several metropolises, often with a population exceeding millions.

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Suburbanization

The movement of people from cities to suburban areas surrounding the city.

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Exurbs

Prosperous areas located outside the city, often further out than suburbs, where residents commute to the city for work.

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Urban Renewal

The process of renovating older areas of cities, often attracting wealthier residents and increasing property values.

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Gentrification

A consequence of urban renewal where wealthier individuals move into redeveloped areas, displacing lower-income residents due to rising housing costs.

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Rural Rebound

The increasing movement of people back to rural areas, attracted by a desire for a quieter lifestyle and cheaper housing.

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Population Dynamics

The study of how populations change over time, analyzing factors that increase or decrease population size.

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Gender

A social construct that encompasses an individual's personal sense of gender identity, how they express their gender, their gender attraction, and their gender fornication.

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Cisgender

A person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth. This can be a male who identifies as male or a female who identifies as female.

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Transgender

A person who identifies with a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth.

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Gender Queer

A person who identifies as neither male nor female, or who identifies with both.

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Gender Schema Theory

A social and psychological phenomenon where a person's cognition shapes their perception of gender roles and behaviors. It influences how individuals interpret and interact with the world.

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Gender Script

A set of rules or expectations that dictate appropriate actions in different situations, based on gender. It guides individuals' behaviors and interactions.

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Modernization Theory

The idea that all countries follow a similar path of development, and with some help, traditional countries can develop similarly to today's developed countries.

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Dependency Theory

A critical response to Modernization Theory, arguing that global inequalities persist due to a core-periphery relationship.

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Hyperglobalist Perspective

A perspective that sees globalization as a new era in human history, with countries becoming increasingly interdependent and nation-states losing power.

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Skeptical Perspective

A critical perspective that sees globalization as more regionalized than truly global, with uneven benefits for developing countries.

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Transformationalist Perspective

A perspective that acknowledges changing global dynamics but avoids specific causes or outcomes, focusing on the shifting role of national governments.

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Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

Corporations that operate across national borders, often wielding significant economic and political influence.

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International Trade Regulatory Groups

Organizations and agreements that regulate trade and facilitate the flow of goods and services between countries.

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Global Impacts on Countries

The impact of globalization on a country's economic and cultural landscape.

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Outsourcing

The transfer of certain business functions to a third-party provider, often in another country, in order to reduce costs or gain access to specialized skills.

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Diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one group to another, typically through travel, trade, or communication.

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Relative Deprivation Theory

The theory suggesting that social movements arise primarily due to the feeling of being deprived compared to others in society.

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Social Movement

An organized effort by a group of people to bring about or resist social change.

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Regressive Movements

Social movements focused on resisting change and reverting to a previous state of society.

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Resource Mobilization Theory

The theory stating that access to resources like money, leadership, and media is crucial for the success of social movements.

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Rational Choice Theory

This theory suggests that individuals make decisions based on a rational analysis of the potential benefits and costs of their actions.

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Mass Society Theory

A theory that suggests social movements form when individuals seek refuge and belonging from the larger society.

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Replacement Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in their lifetime.

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Demographic Transition

A model that describes how a country's population changes over time, from high birth and death rates to low fertility and mortality.

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Stage 1: High Growth Potential

The stage of demographic transition marked by high birth rates due to limited birth control, a need for workers, and high death rates due to disease.

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Stage 2: Early Expanding

The stage of demographic transition where death rates decrease due to improved healthcare and sanitation, while birth rates remain high, leading to a population boom.

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Stage 3: Late Expanding

The stage of demographic transition characterized by declining birth and death rates due to increased access to birth control, better healthcare, and a decrease in child labor.

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Stage 4: Stable

The stage of demographic transition where birth and death rates are low and stable, leading to a relatively stable population.

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Stage 5: Declining

The stage of demographic transition where the birth rate falls below the death rate, leading to a shrinking population.

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World-Systems Theory

A theory that suggests the world is interconnected and divided into core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries.

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Study Notes

Ethnicity

  • Ethnicity is socially defined by shared language, religion, nationality, or other cultural factors
  • It can change over time, unlike racial groups
  • Minorities are groups that make up less than half the population and are sometimes treated differently
  • Racial differences can cause events like genocide or population transfers
  • Assimilation is when a person's culture resembles another group's
  • Discrimination exists in healthcare, education, wealth, morality rates, and criminal justice systems, with minorities often incarcerated more

Assimilation

  • Many differences exist between cultures in healthcare, education, wealth, and morality
  • Interesting discrimination is present in criminal justice, with minorities seeing higher incarceration rates
  • Pluralism encourages ethnic and racial variation

Immigration

  • Immigrants face challenges when arriving in a new country
  • People want to help, but are wary of different cultures
  • Large-scale immigration can put pressure on welfare systems in receiving countries which are often industrialized nations like in North America (NA), Middle East, and Europe/Asia
  • It can alleviate labor shortages in countries of origin
  • It can be exploited by countries unconcerned about global inequalities for profit
  • Issues arise if immigration is too high, potentially causing strain on social services, skilled workers leaving their home countries, fear/dislike of immigrants from different races, or if people immigrate for better jobs, education, or escaping war, famine, or lack of opportunities
  • Transnational corporations may take advantage of cheap labor

Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation

  • Media often presents gender as binary (female vs. male) but that's misleading.
  • There are considerations for biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, sexual attraction, and sexual behavior
  • Biological sex is not always definitive, with some people having intersex characteristics
  • Gender is a social construct with an identity and expression component
  • Sexual orientation is individual from a person's sex/gender
  • There is not a "gay gene", even if there is it doesn't diminish how real relationships are
  • Societal expectations can affect what problems are reported

Rural, Urban, and Metropolitan Areas

  • Rural areas have less than 1000 people per square mile, less than 25,000 residents
  • Urban areas have over 1000 people per square mile and over 50,000 in cities
  • Metropolises have over 500,000 people.
  • Megalopolises are connected metropolises
  • Cities are sites of culture, crime, and inequality
  • Reasons for urban migration: jobs, education, healthcare
  • People move to the suburbs for more space and a sense of community but commute to work in the central cities
  • Urban Renewal: revamping old city areas, can lead to gentrification (wealthier people move in)
  • Rural rebound: people move from cities back to rural areas

Population Dynamics

  • Population growth is determined by fertility, migration, and mortality
  • Fertility: the ability to have babies, which contributes to the population; fecundity is the potential reproductive capacity of a female
  • Migration: movement of people into or out of a region. It does not affect the total global population
  • Mortality: death, which decreases the population.

Demographic Transition

  • Demographic transition predicts how populations transition from high birth and death rates to low ones. Developed countries have often stabilized at this time.
  • Immigration from developing to developed nations effects the demographic transition of developed countries by raising birthrate and lowering mortality

Globalization Theories

  • Globalization is the sharing of culture, money, and products among countries
  • The concept is not new, having existed for thousands of years (Silk Road)

World-Systems Theory

  • Divides countries into core, periphery, and semi-periphery
  • The core countries (like the US) are well-developed and industrialized.
  • Periphery countries are often underdeveloped
  • Semi-periphery countries are in-between
  • These countries are often affected by core countries and transnational corporations

Modernization Theory

  • Modernization theory argues that countries develop in similar stages
  • Countries can follow the same path, with some help, to development

Dependency Theory

  • A reaction to modernization theory, dependency theory highlights inequalities between periphery and core countries.
  • The core benefits from resources taken from the periphery

Globalization - Trade and Transnational Corporations

  • Trade and transnational corporations have created global trade agreements like NAFTA and WTO agreements.
  • Agreements regulate the flow of goods, services, and reduce tariffs between countries. Private industries often benefit the most

Companies (Multinational/Transnational Corporations)

  • These companies operate across multiple countries.
  • They can affect economics and politics through funding or donating money in host nations
  • Globalisation has led to cheap labor in developing countries

Social Movements

  • A group of coordinated people around a shared idea or belief can have lasting effects on shaping society's future
  • Movements need organization, leadership, and resources
  • Some theories explain why movements form:
    • Mass society theory: people looking for refuge from mainstream society
    • Relative deprivation theory: those who feel deprived of rights others enjoy are motivated to address the inequality through social movements
    • Resource mobilization theory: focuses on the resources and factors that aid or hinder a movement

Culture

  • Culture is a shared way of life, encompassing beliefs, values, and behaviors
  • Society is the structure in which people organize themselves in a geographic area; culture guides their way of life
  • Culture is constantly being updated
  • Culture is transmitted through generations
  • Culture adapts to challenges and opportunities

Subculture and Counterculture

  • A subculture is a smaller group within a larger society that has its own distinct characteristics
  • A counterculture is a group that actively opposes or rejects aspects of the dominant culture and typically evolves over time as culture does.
  • Meso-level and sub-community: in-between micro and macro levels

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