Ethics: Virtue and Natural Law Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the central focus of virtue theory according to Aristotle?

  • Following strict moral rules
  • Developing a strong character (correct)
  • Accumulating wealth and power
  • Achieving maximum pleasure
  • What does Aristotle believe is essential for human flourishing?

  • Obedience to rules
  • Wealth and social status
  • Eudaimonia (correct)
  • Intellectual achievements
  • Which concept describes the ideal of achieving balance in virtues according to Aristotle?

  • Plato's ideal forms
  • Natural law
  • Absolute virtue
  • Golden Mean (correct)
  • In virtue ethics, what is the significance of moral exemplars?

    <p>They provide a model of virtuous living. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aristotle, how do individuals achieve good actions?

    <p>Through the practice of becoming a good person (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of humanity does Aristotle emphasize when discussing proper functioning?

    <p>The rational and social nature of humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does virtue theory relate to natural law theory?

    <p>Both theories emphasize following laws imparted by a higher power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a virtuous person according to Aristotle?

    <p>They display confidence without arrogance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Aristotle's concept of the Golden Mean propose?

    <p>Virtue exists as a balance between excess and deficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does virtue relate to eudaimonia in Aristotle's teachings?

    <p>Eudaimonia results from virtuous living and moral excellence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of moral exemplars in virtue ethics?

    <p>Moral exemplars provide a model for virtuous behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aquinas, what is the natural law?

    <p>The rational creature's participation in the eternal law of God. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes human beings from other creatures in the context of natural law?

    <p>Human beings are endowed with the power of reason. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes eudaimonia as understood in virtue ethics?

    <p>Eudaimonia is the ultimate goal of living virtuously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Aquinas' teaching on natural law in relation to human law?

    <p>Natural law is a guiding foundation for creating human laws. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human nature does Aristotle emphasize in relation to virtue?

    <p>Humans have intellectual capabilities that lead towards virtue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in developing virtue according to Aristotle?

    <p>Emulating moral exemplars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the optimal point between excess and deficiency in moral behavior, according to Aristotle?

    <p>The Golden Mean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Aristotle view the role of habituation in developing virtue?

    <p>It is crucial for ingraining virtues into character. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the flourishing life that results from achieving personal goals and moral excellence?

    <p>Eudaimonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a eudaimonistic life entail?

    <p>Striving towards personal growth and development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Aristotle define morality?

    <p>Being the best person possible through self-improvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of moral exemplars in the development of virtue?

    <p>They demonstrate what it means to act virtuously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might initially practicing virtue feel inauthentic?

    <p>One is simply imitating others instead of being genuine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Virtue Theory

    A moral philosophy that emphasizes character development and the pursuit of virtuous traits.

    Golden Mean

    The midpoint between two vices of excess and deficiency in character traits.

    Eudaimonia

    A state of flourishing or happiness achieved through virtuous living.

    Natural Law

    The idea that humans are innately inclined towards good action determined by their nature.

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    Eternal Law

    God's plan for the universe, including the actions of humans and other creatures.

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    Human Nature

    The intrinsic characteristics and tendencies of human beings.

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    Inclinations

    Natural tendencies or desires that guide behavior, such as the tendency to survive, reproduce, or seek knowledge.

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    Reason

    The ability to understand and apply logic to make moral decisions, distinguish right from wrong, and control natural inclinations.

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    Moral Exemplars

    People who already possess virtue and are worthy of being emulated.

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    Habituation

    Repeating virtuous actions until they become part of one's character (habit).

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    Eudaimonistic Life

    A life dedicated to striving, achieving goals, and developing one's potential.

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    Human Flourishing

    The process of achieving one's full potential and living a meaningful life

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    Motivation for Virtue

    The desire to attain eudaimonia (a flourishing life) by developing virtues.

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    Developing Virtue

    Becoming virtuous through emulation and repetition, enabling a fulfillment of one's potential.

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    Virtue

    A moral excellence or good character trait that enables someone to act properly.

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    Proper Functioning (Aristotle)

    The idea that things are good when they perform their specific roles effectively.

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    Rational Animal

    A description of humans, indicating our capacity for reason and thought as a part of our nature.

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    Social Animal

    A concept that humans have a natural inclination to bond with others through community.

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    Natural Law Theory

    A moral theory that suggests God created humans with knowledge of what is good.

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    Fixed Nature (Aristotle)

    The concept that humans have an inherent, unchanging essence, and to flourish, you must follow this essence.

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    Study Notes

    Virtue Theory

    • Focuses on character rather than rules
    • Aims for eudaimonia (flourishing)
    • Virtue is the midpoint between vices (excess and deficiency, the Golden Mean)
    • Courage is the midpoint between cowardice and recklessness
    • Generosity is the midpoint between stinginess and extravagance

    Natural Law Theory

    • God's eternal law imprinted on rational creatures
    • Natural law is the rational creature's participation in eternal law
    • Humans have natural inclinations/tendencies that reveal God's plan for them
    • Key inclinations: self-preservation, procreation, knowledge, living in community
    • Human actions are good if they're in line with these natural inclinations; bad if not
    • This system is crucial for understanding how to live in a morally sound way

    Moral Exemplars

    • People who demonstrate virtuous behavior can be used as models
    • Learning from those considered virtuous is crucial for personal growth and understanding.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental principles of Virtue Theory and Natural Law Theory in this quiz. Understand how virtues are defined and the role of moral exemplars in ethical behavior. Test your knowledge on the significance of character in moral philosophy and the natural inclinations that guide human actions.

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