Questions and Answers
What does the Instrumental Relativist orientation emphasize regarding right behavior?
In which stage of Conventional Morality do individuals primarily seek approval from others?
What characterizes Stage 5 of Post-conventional Morality?
Which of the following stages involves developing moral guidelines based on universal human rights?
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How does moral development influence conscience according to Kohlberg's theory?
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What does moral relativism fundamentally believe regarding acts and moral judgments?
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What is the main foundation of moral acts according to the provided information?
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Which process is responsible for infants and children learning the culture, including morality?
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What best describes cultural relativism?
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Which of the following best represents universal values?
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What consequence may arise from too much autonomy in the workplace?
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What is a key characteristic of social learning processes?
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Which of the following describes the rigidity of conforming to expected roles and protocols?
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What is the primary purpose of ethics as a branch of philosophy?
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How do rules contribute to social order according to the content?
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Why is the study of ethics important for learners?
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Which type of action is defined as good and permissible according to moral norms?
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What can be said about rules regarding freedom?
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What does moral distinction involve?
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Which of the following describes an immoral action?
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What is a potential consequence of a lack of ethical norms in society?
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Study Notes
Role Expectations and Freedom
- Lack of clarity vs Lack of creativity: strict conformity to roles and protocols leads to rigidity.
- Flexibility is essential; too much autonomy causes isolation while excessive interdependence results in unnecessary coordination.
Importance of Freedom
- Freedom is foundational for moral actions and dilemmas.
- Opportunities for choice create moral responsibilities and ethical dilemmas.
Culture Definitions
- Culture encompasses knowledge, beliefs, values, and behaviors amassed by a group over generations.
- Learning behaviors transmitted socially define cultural identity.
Social Learning and Enculturation
- Social learning involves acquiring knowledge from group membership.
- Enculturation, or socialization, is how children learn cultural norms and morality.
Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism suggests ethical judgments are rooted in individual or cultural standards.
- What is deemed "moral" is defined by societal approval; acts perceived as ethical in one culture can be viewed as immoral in another.
Moral Relativism
- Asserts that no act is inherently good or bad, emphasizing subjective moral standards.
- Recognizes the absence of universally applicable ethical standards.
Universal Values and Ethics
- Universal values are those commonly shared across cultures.
- Ethics examines morality, addressing the rightness or wrongness of actions.
Importance of Rules
- Rules are vital for societal order, preventing disorder and chaos.
- Aim to enhance rather than restrict freedom.
Benefits of Rules
- Regulate behavior and protect individual rights.
- Foster a sense of justice and are essential for a healthy economic system.
Ethics Education
- Ethics sharpens students' moral awareness and understanding of moral principles.
- Highlights the relationship between moral nature and societal laws.
- Encourages rational and moral behavior leading to a higher moral or spiritual destiny.
Morality
- Refers to personal or group's standards for right and wrong.
- Evaluates human actions as good, bad, or indifferent.
Moral Distinctions
- Moral Action: good and permissible actions aligned with moral norms.
- Immoral Action: bad and disallowed actions.
- Amoral Action: indifferent or neutral behavior.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Level 1: Instrumental Relativist Orientation focuses on self-interest.
- Level 2: Conventional Morality emphasizes societal relationships.
- Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation seeks approval from others.
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation becomes aware of broader societal rules.
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality represents internalized moral standards.
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation recognizes when rules conflict with individual rights.
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation involves personal moral guidelines based on universal rights.
Conscience Development
- Moral development is linked to conscience formation during post-conventional stages of moral reasoning.
- Conscience enables individuals to judge actions as good or evil based on practical reasoning.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the nuances of flexibility and adherence to rules in the workplace in this quiz based on Unit 2. Understand how freedom and moral responsibility intersect with prescribed roles and the balance between autonomy and interdependence. Dive into the dilemmas that arise when choosing between structured expectations and creative freedom.
