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Questions and Answers
The term 'philosophy' originates from the combination of the Greek words 'philia,' meaning hate, and 'sophia,' meaning wisdom.
The term 'philosophy' originates from the combination of the Greek words 'philia,' meaning hate, and 'sophia,' meaning wisdom.
False (B)
René Descartes, known for the statement 'Cogito ergo sum,' was a key figure in empiricism, emphasizing sensory experience as the primary source of knowledge.
René Descartes, known for the statement 'Cogito ergo sum,' was a key figure in empiricism, emphasizing sensory experience as the primary source of knowledge.
False (B)
Metaphysics explores the fundamental aspects of reality, focusing solely on observable physical phenomena.
Metaphysics explores the fundamental aspects of reality, focusing solely on observable physical phenomena.
False (B)
A philosopher, according to the content, typically bases arguments on supernatural and faith-based reasons rather than natural ones.
A philosopher, according to the content, typically bases arguments on supernatural and faith-based reasons rather than natural ones.
René Descartes advocated for accepting information at face value without questioning its validity.
René Descartes advocated for accepting information at face value without questioning its validity.
'Qua being' in metaphysics relates to the study of superficial aspects of an entity.
'Qua being' in metaphysics relates to the study of superficial aspects of an entity.
The phrase 'I think, therefore I am' suggests doubt is a prerequisite for existence, according to René Descartes.
The phrase 'I think, therefore I am' suggests doubt is a prerequisite for existence, according to René Descartes.
Metaphysics is derived from the Greek word for measuring physical objects.
Metaphysics is derived from the Greek word for measuring physical objects.
Cosmology primarily focuses on the ethical implications of the universe's existence.
Cosmology primarily focuses on the ethical implications of the universe's existence.
Theodicy explores the concept of beauty, particularly its independence from physical manifestations.
Theodicy explores the concept of beauty, particularly its independence from physical manifestations.
Aesthetics posits that true beauty is contingent upon beautiful things for its existence.
Aesthetics posits that true beauty is contingent upon beautiful things for its existence.
Epistemology is the study of values, guiding human actions toward an ultimate perfection.
Epistemology is the study of values, guiding human actions toward an ultimate perfection.
Normative science aims to establish standards for human actions, guiding them toward achieving a perfected state.
Normative science aims to establish standards for human actions, guiding them toward achieving a perfected state.
According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is fundamentally altruistic, driving individuals to act for the benefit of others.
According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is fundamentally altruistic, driving individuals to act for the benefit of others.
The concept of 'essence' refers to the collection of subjective opinions surrounding an object or idea.
The concept of 'essence' refers to the collection of subjective opinions surrounding an object or idea.
The belief that the nature of a concept is permanently fixed is analogous to the belief that moral principles are also immutable.
The belief that the nature of a concept is permanently fixed is analogous to the belief that moral principles are also immutable.
According to Thomas Aquinas, philosophy is the science of all things through immediate causes acquired by supernatural revelation.
According to Thomas Aquinas, philosophy is the science of all things through immediate causes acquired by supernatural revelation.
Aquinas's argument from motion posits that every motion originates from a prior cause; without a prime mover unmoved by any other, no subsequent motion can take place.
Aquinas's argument from motion posits that every motion originates from a prior cause; without a prime mover unmoved by any other, no subsequent motion can take place.
In Thomistic metaphysics, the concept of 'existence' solely pertains to the physical attributes of an object, thereby dictating its capacity to occupy space.
In Thomistic metaphysics, the concept of 'existence' solely pertains to the physical attributes of an object, thereby dictating its capacity to occupy space.
A 'fallacy,' in the context of logic, denotes a flawless and irrefutable argument, effectively ensuring a valid conclusion.
A 'fallacy,' in the context of logic, denotes a flawless and irrefutable argument, effectively ensuring a valid conclusion.
'Argumentum ad baculum' involves appealing to evidence and logical reasoning rather than authority or force.
'Argumentum ad baculum' involves appealing to evidence and logical reasoning rather than authority or force.
Logic, as both a science and an art, guides the act of reason, ensuring orderly and error-free thinking.
Logic, as both a science and an art, guides the act of reason, ensuring orderly and error-free thinking.
A concept, representing the essence of a thing in the mind, is subjective and mutable, adapting to various personal interpretations.
A concept, representing the essence of a thing in the mind, is subjective and mutable, adapting to various personal interpretations.
According to Aquinas, essences define what makes a thing what it is; altering the essence would fundamentally change the thing itself.
According to Aquinas, essences define what makes a thing what it is; altering the essence would fundamentally change the thing itself.
Flashcards
Philosophy Etymology
Philosophy Etymology
Combination of 'Philia' (love) and 'Sophia' (wisdom) from Greek.
Philosophy Definition
Philosophy Definition
The love of wisdom; a search for the fundamental causes of things through natural reason.
René Descartes
René Descartes
A French philosopher and scientist known for 'Cogito ergo sum'.
"Cogito ergo sum"
"Cogito ergo sum"
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Rationalist
Rationalist
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Philosophical Doubt
Philosophical Doubt
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics
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"Qua being"
"Qua being"
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Aquinas' Definition of Philosophy
Aquinas' Definition of Philosophy
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Everything comes from Something
Everything comes from Something
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Aquinas' Argument from Motion
Aquinas' Argument from Motion
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Essence
Essence
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Logic
Logic
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Fallacy
Fallacy
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Argumentum ad baculum
Argumentum ad baculum
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Concept
Concept
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Cosmology
Cosmology
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Theodicy
Theodicy
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Normative Science
Normative Science
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Aesthetics
Aesthetics
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Epistemology
Epistemology
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Nature of Man
Nature of Man
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Thomas Hobbes' view of man
Thomas Hobbes' view of man
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Study Notes
- "Ethics" - Prof. Jayson Dalwatan, 2nd Semester, School Year 2024
Week 1: Philosophy
- The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "Philia," which means love, and "Sophia," which means wisdom
- Philosophy translates to "love of wisdom"
René Descartes
- French philosopher and scientist
- Known for "Cogito ergo sum" - "I think therefore I exist" or "I think therefore I am"
- He questioned everything
- He was a rationalist who focused on concepts and the centerpoint is knowledge.
- He believes that one should doubt everything before accepting it
St. Thomas Aquinas
- Defined philosophy as "the science of all things through ultimate causes acquired by natural reason"
- Aquinas: everything comes from something, and the why is more important
- He proved the existence of God in five ways
- "Motion" - every motion originates from something; if nothing initiated movement, there would be no motion
Week 2: Philosophy
- Philosophy seeks the root cause of everything through rational arguments
Branches of Philosophy: Metaphysics
- "Meta" means beyond
- "Physiks" means natural physical appearance
- Philosophers believe existence extends beyond the physical
- "Qua being" is the study of fundamental aspects constituting a being
- This is related to the works of Thomas Aquinas, following a modified Aristotelian view, relating to the essence of existence itself
- Essence makes a thing what it is
Logic
- Logic directs reasoning in an orderly way
- Fallacy - "flawed faulty argument"
- Argumentum ad baculum - threat or appeal to force
Cosmology
- Cosmology studies the universe
Theodicy
- Theodicy studies the nature of a Supreme Being or God
- God is described as simple and not subject to time
Aesthetics
- Aesthetics studies the true nature of beauty
- True beauty doesn't need beauty to exist
- If beauty needed beautiful things, then it is not true beauty
Epistemology
- Epistemology studies the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge
- Essence is what makes a thing, a thing
Other Concepts
- Concept - representation of essence of a thing in mind, is an intellectual intentional image
- The nature of a concept cannot be changed
- The idea of the unchanging nature of a concept is the same as the nature of right and wrong
Week 3: Normative Science
- Science establishes norms
- Norms regulate and direct human actions
- Norms allow accomplishment of something that will perfect the nature of man
Nature of Man
- The true nature of man is to do good
- An object fulfills its purpose by fulfilling its purpose, the object will accomplish perfection and achieve its nature.
Thomas Hobbes
- Believed the nature of man is evil
- He describes humans as selfish and "rational"
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Description
An overview of philosophy, including its Greek origins as 'love of wisdom.' Highlights key figures like René Descartes, known for 'Cogito ergo sum,' and St. Thomas Aquinas, who defined philosophy and offered five proofs for the existence of God.
