Ethics, Laws and Copyright

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the U.S. Bill of Rights in the context of media law?

  • It primarily focuses on regulating international media broadcasts.
  • It eliminates all restrictions on freedom of speech and press.
  • It guarantees freedom of speech and press, but with some legal exceptions. (correct)
  • It provides absolute freedom of speech and press without any exceptions.

What was the central issue in the Dominion v. Fox News lawsuit?

  • Whether Dominion voting machines were technologically advanced.
  • Whether Fox News had the right to endorse a political candidate.
  • Whether Dominion had violated Fox News' copyright by using their broadcast footage.
  • Whether Fox News knowingly broadcast false claims about Dominion's voting machines damaging the company's reputation. (correct)

What option is available to content creators on YouTube regarding the sharing and embedding of their videos?

  • YouTube creators are legally required to allow embedding of their videos.
  • YouTube creators can block their content from being embedded on external websites.
  • YouTube creators must obtain written consent from YouTube before allowing embedding of their videos.
  • YouTube creators can make their videos publicly available, which allows others to embed and share them on other platforms. (correct)

What is the doctrine of fair use?

<p>The allowance to use small amounts of copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as public comment, news reporting, teaching, or research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to "Mass Media Landscape," what is the likely next legal frontier in plagiarism and copyright?

<p>Content generated by artificial intelligence and the scraping of copyrighted material to train AI. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument OpenAI could use to defend against copyright infringement claims related to ChatGPT's reliance on newsworthy content?

<p>That using newsworthy content is fair use because it broadly benefits the public. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to cite the owner and/or web address for any Creative Commons image that you use?

<p>It is a good-faith effort to give credit, even when not explicitly required, and is often part of the licensing terms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Arkansas Freedom of Information Act, under what specific circumstance may governing bodies enter into closed sessions?

<p>To consider employment, appointment, promotion, demotion, disciplining or resignation of an individual officer or employee. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do freedom of information laws generally increase transparency in government?

<p>By ensuring citizens can follow governmental decision-making processes and monitor how governmental bodies spend tax money. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rights does Jeff Jarvis argue artificial intelligence should have, similar to journalists and the general public?

<p>The right to read, learn, and use information once known. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the ethical implications of using popular songs as background music in videos?

<p>It is often a copyright violation, regardless of the video's purpose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using Google to search for images that you can freely use, what is the recommended method to ensure you are not violating copyright laws?

<p>Use Google's Advanced Image Search and filter the search results based on usage rights, such as 'Creative Commons licenses'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might content creators and news organizations seek as legal remedies to protect their content from AI tools?

<p>Compensation for the use of copyrighted material to train AI text, images, audio, or video generators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might developing and enforcing uniform regulations for AI products be particularly challenging?

<p>Because the AI industry is dominated by global conglomerates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely consequence of not following copyright guidelines when giving presentations or posting online content?

<p>Legal action and potential lawsuits from copyright holders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for media professionals to understand the legal and ethical implications of using content from outside sources?

<p>To protect themselves and their organizations from legal repercussions and maintain ethical standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Laws

External rules to govern members of a society, with legal consequences for violations.

Ethics

Internal guidelines for morality and conduct, often not binding.

Defamation

Publishing or broadcasting false information that harms someone's reputation.

Copyright violation

Using someone else's work without permission or proper credit.

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Fair Use

Using small amounts of copyrighted material without permission for purposes like commentary, news, teaching, or research, without decreasing the original work's economic value.

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Plagiarism

Using someone else's work and passing it off as your own.

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Creative Commons (CC0) images

Ready-to-use images available for free, often requiring attribution.

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Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

A law that gives citizens the right to request access to records from federal agencies.

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Study Notes

  • Laws are external rules governing society, with legal consequences for violations while ethics are internal, often non-binding, guidelines for morality.

Freedom of Speech

  • The U.S. Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech and press, but it has exceptions for media content.
  • Fox News broadcast false claims about Dominion voting machines, damaging Dominion's reputation.
  • Dominion lawsuit records revealed Fox hosts and executives aired false claims they didn't believe.
  • Recycling images found online can lead to legal and ethical issues.
  • Using popular songs as background music in videos often violates copyright.
  • Content creators posting videos on YouTube allow embedding and sharing, granting permission to share on other platforms.
  • Copyright was not well defined more than a century after printing presses had begun making books in Europe
  • The next legal frontier in plagiarism and copyright will focus on content generated by artificial intelligence.
  • Content creators seek compensation if AI tools use copyrighted material to generate content.
  • The New York Times filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against OpenAI to protect intellectual property.
  • A federal judge could order OpenAI to destroy ChatGPT's dataset if it illegally copied Times' articles to train its AI model.
  • OpenAI may argue that ChatGPT's use of newsworthy content is fair use because it broadly benefits the public.
  • Fair use allows using small amounts of copyrighted material for comment, news, teaching, or research without permission.
  • Fair use should not decrease the economic value of the original work.
  • Developing uniform regulations for AI products is challenging due to global conglomerates dominating the industry.

AI Era Media Law Example

  • Michael Smith used AI to create music and fake streaming accounts, fraudulently obtaining over $10 million in royalties.
  • Smith's case is the first criminal case involving artificially inflated music streaming.

Finding Images you can use

  • DuckDuckGo and Google's Advanced Image Search have features for finding Creative Commons (CC0) images.
  • Many sites provide guidance for giving credit to creative commons (CC0) images.
  • Cite the owner and/or web address for any Creative Commons image used.

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

  • The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), established in 1967, allows citizens to request access to records from any federal agency.
  • Individual states have their own freedom-of-information laws pertaining to state and local governments.
  • The Arkansas Freedom of Information Act gives access to public records and meetings.
  • The Arkansas FOIA stipulates that "governing bodies may only enter into closed sessions for the purpose of considering employment, appointment, promotion, demotion, disciplining or resignation of an individual officer or employee.”
  • Freedom of information laws increase transparency by ensuring citizens can follow governmental decision-making processes.
  • A key theme is that media history often repeats itself.

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