Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does ethics primarily focus on?
What does ethics primarily focus on?
- Describing societal customs
- Providing fixed moral rules
- Systematic exploration of moral ideas (correct)
- Expressing collective opinions on morality
Which of these is a characteristic of descriptive ethics?
Which of these is a characteristic of descriptive ethics?
- It describes existing morality and behaviors. (correct)
- It only deals with hypothetical scenarios.
- It formulates recommendations on how to act.
- It focuses on moral justifications or criticisms.
What distinguishes a normative judgment from a descriptive judgment?
What distinguishes a normative judgment from a descriptive judgment?
- Normative judgments are always true or false.
- Normative judgments evaluate what should be rather than what is. (correct)
- Normative judgments are factual and objective.
- Normative judgments describe past situations only.
Which of the following statements represents an intrinsic value?
Which of the following statements represents an intrinsic value?
What is the relationship between values and norms?
What is the relationship between values and norms?
Which statement best describes an argument in the context of ethics?
Which statement best describes an argument in the context of ethics?
In what way does ethics differ from morality?
In what way does ethics differ from morality?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a non-argument?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a non-argument?
What does Value Sensitive Design (VSD) primarily focus on in technology development?
What does Value Sensitive Design (VSD) primarily focus on in technology development?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of investigation in VSD?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of investigation in VSD?
How is facial recognition technology linked to political implications in authoritarian states?
How is facial recognition technology linked to political implications in authoritarian states?
What is a significant concern regarding the origins of facial recognition technology?
What is a significant concern regarding the origins of facial recognition technology?
What does the conceptual investigation in VSD aim to achieve?
What does the conceptual investigation in VSD aim to achieve?
Which statement reflects a misconception about technology according to VSD principles?
Which statement reflects a misconception about technology according to VSD principles?
What unintended consequence can arise from the deployment of facial recognition technology?
What unintended consequence can arise from the deployment of facial recognition technology?
What is the ultimate goal of implementing VSD in technology design?
What is the ultimate goal of implementing VSD in technology design?
What is the primary aim of Value Sensitive Design in technology?
What is the primary aim of Value Sensitive Design in technology?
Which type of value refers to those that designers hope will be realized in actual use?
Which type of value refers to those that designers hope will be realized in actual use?
What distinguishes designed features from unintended features in technology?
What distinguishes designed features from unintended features in technology?
For a technological artifact to embody a value, which two conditions must be met?
For a technological artifact to embody a value, which two conditions must be met?
What is meant by 'realized values' in the context of AI and technology?
What is meant by 'realized values' in the context of AI and technology?
How does Van de Poel define a value in relation to technology?
How does Van de Poel define a value in relation to technology?
What is an example of an unintended feature in technology?
What is an example of an unintended feature in technology?
Which of the following is NOT a type of value identified in the context of AI and technology?
Which of the following is NOT a type of value identified in the context of AI and technology?
Which ethical approach evaluates the morality of actions solely based on the action itself rather than its consequences?
Which ethical approach evaluates the morality of actions solely based on the action itself rather than its consequences?
What is a primary challenge associated with consequentialist ethics?
What is a primary challenge associated with consequentialist ethics?
According to virtue ethics, what do moral virtues represent?
According to virtue ethics, what do moral virtues represent?
What does moral ontology in meta-ethics primarily investigate?
What does moral ontology in meta-ethics primarily investigate?
What is a limitation of deontological ethics as discussed in the content?
What is a limitation of deontological ethics as discussed in the content?
Which statement best captures the relationship between virtue ethics and personal and common good?
Which statement best captures the relationship between virtue ethics and personal and common good?
What characterizes the consequentialist approach to ethics?
What characterizes the consequentialist approach to ethics?
In discussions of ethics, what is primarily explored within the field of meta-ethics?
In discussions of ethics, what is primarily explored within the field of meta-ethics?
What are the values embedded in the institution or organization where technology is used called?
What are the values embedded in the institution or organization where technology is used called?
In which way can values interact in socio-technical systems?
In which way can values interact in socio-technical systems?
What do technical norms represent in AI systems?
What do technical norms represent in AI systems?
Which of the following best describes the difference between human agents and artificial agents in embodying values?
Which of the following best describes the difference between human agents and artificial agents in embodying values?
Which method allows artificial agents to develop norms by themselves?
Which method allows artificial agents to develop norms by themselves?
What is the primary concern when the design of an artifact conflicts with broader social values?
What is the primary concern when the design of an artifact conflicts with broader social values?
How can technical norms be created in sociotechnical systems?
How can technical norms be created in sociotechnical systems?
Which statement accurately portrays the limitations of artificial agents in relation to values?
Which statement accurately portrays the limitations of artificial agents in relation to values?
What does the responsibility gap in AI systems signify?
What does the responsibility gap in AI systems signify?
What is an example of passive responsibility?
What is an example of passive responsibility?
Why do AI systems complicate the control condition of responsibility?
Why do AI systems complicate the control condition of responsibility?
What aspect of responsibility does active responsibility emphasize?
What aspect of responsibility does active responsibility emphasize?
What ethical dilemma arises from the use of autonomous systems?
What ethical dilemma arises from the use of autonomous systems?
What is the 'many hands' problem in the context of AI systems?
What is the 'many hands' problem in the context of AI systems?
Which of the following is a key challenge posed by autonomous technologies?
Which of the following is a key challenge posed by autonomous technologies?
What is a crucial component of the epistemic condition for responsibility?
What is a crucial component of the epistemic condition for responsibility?
Flashcards
Morality
Morality
The study of what is good or right, examining the values and principles that shape human actions.
Ethics
Ethics
The systematic and critical examination of morality. Ethics focuses on analyzing moral principles and arguments without providing fixed answers.
Argument
Argument
A formal statement consisting of premises that support a conclusion. The premises provide evidence or reasons for believing the conclusion to be true.
Descriptive Ethics
Descriptive Ethics
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Normative Ethics
Normative Ethics
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Descriptive Judgement
Descriptive Judgement
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Normative Judgement
Normative Judgement
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Values
Values
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Deontological Ethics
Deontological Ethics
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Consequentialist Ethics
Consequentialist Ethics
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Virtue Ethics
Virtue Ethics
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Meta-Ethics
Meta-Ethics
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Moral Ontology
Moral Ontology
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Ethics and Morality in Action
Ethics and Morality in Action
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Moral Dilemma
Moral Dilemma
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Predicting Consequences
Predicting Consequences
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Bias in AI
Bias in AI
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Value-Sensitive Design (VSD)
Value-Sensitive Design (VSD)
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Empirical Investigation (VSD)
Empirical Investigation (VSD)
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Conceptual Investigation (VSD)
Conceptual Investigation (VSD)
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Technical Investigation (VSD)
Technical Investigation (VSD)
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Value-Laden Technology
Value-Laden Technology
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AI Politics
AI Politics
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Facial Recognition for Surveillance
Facial Recognition for Surveillance
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Responsibility Gap
Responsibility Gap
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Passive Responsibility
Passive Responsibility
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Active Responsibility
Active Responsibility
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Control Condition (Responsibility)
Control Condition (Responsibility)
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Epistemic Condition (Responsibility)
Epistemic Condition (Responsibility)
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Many Hands Problem
Many Hands Problem
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AI Autonomy
AI Autonomy
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AI Control and Responsibility
AI Control and Responsibility
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Intended Values
Intended Values
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Realized Values
Realized Values
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Embodied Values
Embodied Values
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Designed Features
Designed Features
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Unintended Features
Unintended Features
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Embodying a Value
Embodying a Value
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Design Intent
Design Intent
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Conduciveness
Conduciveness
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Values of the Artifact (V)
Values of the Artifact (V)
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Values of the Agent (VA)
Values of the Agent (VA)
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Values of the Institution (VI)
Values of the Institution (VI)
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Intentional-Causal (I-C)
Intentional-Causal (I-C)
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Causal (C)
Causal (C)
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Technical Norms
Technical Norms
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Values Embodied by Technical Norms
Values Embodied by Technical Norms
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Self-Learning Technical Norms
Self-Learning Technical Norms
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Study Notes
Morality and Ethics
- Morality is the totality of opinions, decisions, and actions, expressing what people consider good or right.
- Ethics is the systematic exploration of moral ideas, focusing on questions and arguments about moral decisions.
Argumentation
- Argumentation is the process of defending or rejecting statements.
- Arguments consist of premises (A1, A2, A3) leading to a conclusion (B).
- Not all statements are arguments; questions, orders, and exclamations are not considered arguments.
Branches of Ethics
- Descriptive ethics describes existing moral customs, habits, opinions, and behavior.
- Normative ethics evaluates and judges existing morality, proposing how to act morally.
Types of Judgments
- Descriptive judgments describe facts (present, past, future) and are either true or false.
- Prescriptive (normative) judgments offer judgments on how things should be, not necessarily based on what exists.
Values and Norms
- Values are deeply held beliefs about what is important; they guide individuals and societies.
- Intrinsic values are values in and of themselves, while instrumental values help achieve intrinsic values.
- Norms are rules that prescribe or forbid concrete actions, derived from values to guide interactions.
Ethical Theories
- Deontological ethics focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, irrespective of consequences.
- Consequentialist ethics evaluates actions based on their outcomes—the best outcome justifies the action.
- Virtue ethics (Aristotle) emphasizes developing moral character through practicing virtues (desirable qualities).
Meta-ethics
- Meta-ethics explores the fundamental nature of ethics itself, including its meaning, existence, and how we know moral truths.
- Key areas of meta-ethics include moral ontology (properties of morality), moral semantics (meaning of moral terms), and moral epistemology (ways to know moral truths).
AI Ethics
- AI ethics examines the ethical consequences of AI's impact on human lives and society.
- Key concerns include the ethical behavior of humans in AI design and use, and the ethical behavior of AI itself.
- The European Commission defines AI as systems designed by humans to operate in complex environments, using data to make decisions and take actions.
- An agent is something that acts, intelligent agents make choices appropriate for their goals given limitations.
Human-Technology Interactions
- Mediation theory views technology as actively shaping human perceptions and actions, not simply as neutral tools.
- Different types of relations exist between humans and technology, including embodiment (seamless integration), hermeneutic (technology as a tool for interpreting the world), alterity (understanding technology as separate entity), and background (technology operations are largely unnoticed).
- Instrumentalism theory conversely views technology as neutral tools, focusing solely on how they are used.
Value Sensitive Design (VSD)
- VSD addresses technological design by intentionally including and balancing values in the design process.
- It involves understanding human values, clarifying relevant values, and evaluating how well a design incorporates those values.
- VSD examines intended, realized, and embedded values of technology from different perspectives, looking for consistency in the process.
Moral Status of AI
- Philosophers debate whether AI can be moral agents, highlighting the need to address the distinction between human and AI intentionality and capabilities.
- Traditional notions of morality, which rely on free will and consciousness, may not apply to sophisticated AI systems.
- The concept of 'composite intentionality' suggests that both human and AI intentions shape outcomes.
Responsibility in AI Systems
- The complexity of AI systems raises questions about responsibility for actions or consequences when human intentions and capabilities become intertwined with technology.
- Existing frameworks of responsibility based on human control may be insufficient to account for AI's actions, necessitating new approaches to define, and manage moral responsibility with increasingly sophisticated AI systems.
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