Ethics and Relativism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What did Aristotle argue regarding ethical rules?

  • Ethical rules are absolute and universal.
  • Virtue is not important in determining morality.
  • Moral rules sometimes may not apply in certain situations. (correct)
  • Every situation requires a unique moral rule.

    • How did the Stoics view moral absolutes?

  • They acknowledged that there are no universal forms beyond the world. (correct)
  • They established rigid moral standards for all situations.
  • They believed in a single and absolute moral truth.
  • They thought moral choices should be based solely on feelings.

    • What is the central idea of Aristotle's Virtue Ethics?

  • All virtues are equally important regardless of context.
  • Virtue is subjective and varies for each individual.
  • Ethics should avoid the extremes and seek a mean between them. (correct)
  • Moral behavior is entirely based on societal norms.

    • Julian Baginni's observations suggest that:

    <p>Moral relativism is widely acknowledged among educated individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method for discussing ethical issues among students as suggested in the discussion setup?

    <p>Forming groups to create and compare lists of wrongs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does moral relativism suggest about ethical behavior?

    <p>Ethical standards can vary depending on context and situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Stoics' view on moral truths?

    <p>They denied the existence of universal moral forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a common misconception about ethics as discussed?

    <p>Most people have a single absolute moral view.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethical relativism assert about moral values?

    <p>Moral values are subjective and dependent on culture and context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which argument supports the existence of moral diversity among cultures?

    <p>The Cultural Differences Argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Argument from Respect, how should cultures view each other's moral values?

    <p>Cultures should respect differing moral codes as equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Psychological Argument imply about moral truth?

    <p>Moral truth varies depending on psychological upbringing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key conclusion drawn from ethical relativism regarding moral codes?

    <p>No culture holds a superior moral code over another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cultural factors' refer to in the context of morality?

    <p>Factors that completely shape and define moral beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective does ethical relativism reject?

    <p>The existence of universally valid moral principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the claim that ethical relativism makes about morality?

    <p>Moral judgments can only be understood within cultural contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of the Provability Argument regarding ethical relativism?

    <p>It highlights the challenges of proving moral truths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which argument suggests that ethical relativism could foster tolerance towards moral differences?

    <p>The Argument from Respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What flaw does Rachels identify in the Psychological Argument concerning moral beliefs?

    <p>It does not recognize objective moral truths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural relativism claim about morality?

    <p>Morality is relative to one’s culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of ethical relativism mentioned in the content?

    <p>It leads to moral skepticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the relationship between cultural and ethical relativism in the critical evaluation?

    <p>Cultural relativism does not verify ethical relativism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential contradiction in advocating for intolerance based on ethical relativism?

    <p>It implies that all moral views are equally valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might ethical relativism lead to an attitude of skepticism about morality?

    <p>Because it suggests every moral opinion is equally valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one negative aspect of the Filipino trait 'Hiya'?

    <p>It arrests one’s actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Filipino trait is characterized by beginning tasks enthusiastically but losing momentum quickly?

    <p>Ningas-cogon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive aspect of the trait 'Pakikisama'?

    <p>It encourages finding peace through collective effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the trait 'Patigasan' manifest negatively according to the content?

    <p>It leads to childish and irresponsible behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one negative consequence of the trait 'Bahala Na'?

    <p>It leads to leaving outcomes to chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trait 'Kasi' imply negatively about personal responsibility?

    <p>It allows for scapegoating others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'fallacy of misrepresentation' in the context of the Conformity Argument?

    <p>It misrepresents the basis of morality as determined by the majority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is morality considered problematic in the Provability Argument?

    <p>There is constant human disagreement on moral issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ethics and Relativism

    • Ethics raises the question of whether it is relative or universal, prompting group discussions on moral dilemmas.
    • Decision-making includes identifying situations where certain actions may be perceived as wrong.
    • Group activity involves comparing lists of moral wrongs and discussing plausible exceptions for breaking rules.

    Historical Context of Relativism

    • Stoicism: Originated the idea that universal forms do not exist beyond the world.
    • Plato: Critiqued Stoicism, suggesting ethical absolutism with permanent forms.
    • Aristotle: Advocated for Virtue Ethics, claiming moral rules apply generally but can have exceptions.

    Ethical Relativism Defined

    • Ethical Relativism posits that moral values vary based on culture, time, place, and individual context.
    • No universal moral principles exist; morality is subjective and context-dependent.
    • This view indicates that actions can be morally right in one culture and wrong in another.

    Arguments Supporting Ethical Relativism

    • Cultural Differences Argument: Recognizes moral diversity across cultures and the absence of universal moral codes.
    • Argument from Respect: Emphasizes tolerance towards diverse moral codes; no culture should impose its values on others.
    • Psychological Argument: Suggests moral beliefs stem from parental influence and upbringing, negating objective truth in ethics.
    • Conformity Argument: Proposes adherence to society's ethical norms leads to acceptance of cultural regulations.
    • Provability Argument: Contemplates the inability to prove moral truths, fostering a skeptical approach to ethical judgements.

    Critical Evaluations of Ethical Relativism

    • Cultural diversity does not inherently validate ethical relativism; a contradiction arises if morality is entirely relative.
    • Arguments of respect and tolerance can lead to cultural nihilism, where no criticism of moral differences is permissible.
    • Psychological arguments can suffer from flawed reasoning, particularly the Genetic Fallacy.
    • Conformity arguments risk simplifying morality to majority-will, which can be problematic.
    • Proof of moral truths is debatable; disagreements on ethics persist regardless of solid verification methods.

    Filipino Cultural Values and Their Ambivalence

    • Filipinos are often seen as "ambivalent," shaped by a complex historical background leading to conflicting traits.
    • This ambivalence can result in perceived "weak character," often blamed for societal failures.

    Key Traits Characterizing Filipino Values

    • Hiya (Shame):

      • Negative: Can inhibit actions (associated with inferiority).
      • Positive: Promotes mental peace by avoiding wrongs.

    • Ningas-cogon (Procrastination):

      • Negative: Shows a tendency to start enthusiastically but lose interest quickly.
      • Positive: Induces detachment and peace of mind.

    • Pakikisama (Group Loyalty):

      • Negative: Can lead to ignoring corruption for harmony.
      • Positive: Encourages selflessness and community focus.

    • Patigasan (Test of Strength):

      • Negative: Results in stubbornness and resistance to reconciliation.
      • Positive: Signifies awareness of rights and assertiveness.

    • Bahala Na (Resignation):

      • Negative: Promotes reliance on fate rather than personal responsibility.
      • Positive: Cultivates humility and modesty.

    • Kasi (Scapegoat):

      • Negative: Encourages disownership of accountability.
      • Positive: Provides excuses for failures, reflecting a cultural tendency to find reasons for shortcomings.

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    Description

    Dive into the complexities of Ethics and Relativism through this engaging quiz. Explore the ideas of Stoicism, Plato, and Aristotle while reflecting on moral dilemmas and the relativity of ethical values across cultures. Test your understanding of how context shapes moral judgments.

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