Ethics and Motivation in Decision Making
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Questions and Answers

What does a 'self-control' credit card allow individuals to do?

  • Only spend money on necessities
  • Limit spending in specific categories like food and clothing (correct)
  • Link multiple credit cards for better management
  • Set unlimited spending in all categories

Which of the following is NOT considered ethically proactive?

  • Engaging in regular ethics training
  • Participating in community service projects
  • Monitoring employee behavior for compliance issues
  • Reading and being aware of compliance policies through HR (correct)

According to Milton Friedman, what is his stance on corporate social responsibility?

  • It is essential for consumer trust
  • It enhances long-term profitability
  • It leads to improved employee morale
  • It is a form of socialism (correct)

What is Irving Kristol's perspective on capitalism's effect on individuals?

<p>It does not necessarily improve everyone's conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does self-engagement have on people's ethical behavior?

<p>It makes people reflect their moral self-image and resist temptation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common ethical blindspot?

<p>Self-serving bias that creates a positive self-image. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'bounded ethicality'?

<p>The idea that ethical decisions are often limited by cognitive biases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what environment reduces the likelihood of cheating?

<p>A well-lit room with others present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one strategy to increase ethical behavior in organizations?

<p>Fostering a culture of open communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dopamine in the context discussed?

<p>To fuel curiosity and the pursuit of information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of incrementalism refer to in ethical behavior?

<p>Gradually compromising ethical standards over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding in Dan Ariely's experiment on due dates for papers?

<p>Specific due dates led to better compliance and grades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do givers typically behave in their relationships with others?

<p>They help others selflessly without expecting anything in return. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with being a giver?

<p>They can become exploited or burn out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the behavior of takers?

<p>They leverage relationships to achieve personal interests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of matchers in their relationships?

<p>They believe in maintaining a balance between giving and receiving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside for matchers in their approach to relationships?

<p>They may miss opportunities for deeper, trust-based connections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes thoughtful and strategic givers in terms of success?

<p>They help others in ways that create value for everyone involved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of double effect allow for in moral decision-making?

<p>Performing an action that produces both good and bad effects under certain conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the common good, what is it defined as?

<p>The sum total of conditions that allow for flourishing of individuals and the whole community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of subsidiarity primarily concerned with?

<p>Respecting people’s freedom and ensuring decisions are made at the most local level possible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does solidarity contribute to social dynamics?

<p>It fosters interdependence and community belonging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do givers typically play in professional relationships?

<p>They create value through collaboration and mutual support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for an action to be justified under the principle of double effect?

<p>There must be a severe reason for justifying the bad effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a CEO according to shareholder theory?

<p>Maximizing profits for shareholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines prudence as a virtue?

<p>Seeking truth to act rightly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency is associated with the virtue of fortitude?

<p>Cowardice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are justice and temperance related according to the cardinal virtues?

<p>Both balance desires and actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the logic of gratuitousness emphasize in the context of giving?

<p>I give because I want to. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do pre-commitment devices help individuals align their actions with their goals?

<p>They create binding commitments to resist temptation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary argument against shareholder theory?

<p>Stakeholder theory emphasizes community welfare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key takeaway of solidarity according to Pope Benedict XVI?

<p>Solidarity is seen as a virtue and involves community participation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following virtues is associated with moderation?

<p>Temperance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency corresponds with carelessness?

<p>Prudence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the thirst for power affect the structures within society according to the discussion?

<p>It leads to structures of sin and corruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Common Good View?

<p>Social value derived from community existence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the logic of duty in terms of giving?

<p>Giving as a moral obligation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an excess of prudence?

<p>Overcautiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does curiosity being described as a vice imply?

<p>Curiosity can lead to undesirable outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What obstacle to development is mentioned beyond economic factors?

<p>Social and ethical considerations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for influential individuals to share responsibility for the weaker members of society?

<p>To create a more equitable community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the logic of exchange?

<p>Giving in order to receive something in return. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Best deadline structure

Setting deadlines by the professor, with staggered due dates, leads to the best academic performance.

Middle ground deadline structure

Students setting their own deadlines is a middle ground in terms of academic effectiveness.

Worst deadline structure

Having a final deadline for all papers on the last day of class leads to the worst academic performance.

What is a "Self-Control" credit card?

A self-control credit card allows users to set spending limits for specific categories, like food or clothing.

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What does Milton Friedman think about corporate social responsibility?

Milton Friedman believes that the idea of corporations having social responsibility is essentially socialism.

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Self-Engagement

Our tendency to act in ways that align with how we perceive ourselves morally. It helps individuals resist unethical temptations by prompting them to act in accordance with their self-image.

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Shallow Curiosity

A type of curiosity driven by novelty and new experiences, often fleeting and lacking deeper exploration.

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Ethical Blind Spots

Situations or circumstances that prevent individuals from recognizing or acknowledging ethical dilemmas, leading to unethical behavior.

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Overconfidence Bias

A common ethical blind spot where individuals overestimate their own ethical behavior, leading to biased self-perception.

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Failure to Recognize Ethical Dimensions

A type of ethical blind spot where individuals fail to recognize the ethical dimensions of a situation, leading to unintentional unethical behavior.

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Self-Serving Bias

A type of ethical blind spot where individuals view their actions and decisions in a positive light, even when those actions are unethical.

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Incrementalism

A type of ethical blind spot where individuals gradually compromise their ethical standards over time, leading to more significant unethical behavior.

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Behavioral Ethics

The study of how people actually behave in ethical situations, rather than how they ought to behave. It focuses on understanding the psychological and social factors that influence ethical decision-making.

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Guilt Proneness and Leadership

People who are more prone to guilt feel a stronger sense of responsibility towards others, often making them better leaders.

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Conscientiousness and Leadership Impact

Conscientiousness, a personality trait focused on being organized and reliable, has almost the same impact on leadership as extraversion, which emphasizes social energy and assertiveness.

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Givers (Reciprocity style)

Givers prioritize helping others without expecting immediate reciprocation. They build strong relationships and long-term success but risk being exploited.

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Takers (Reciprocity style)

Takers aim to maximize their gains while minimizing giving. They may achieve short-term success but risk damaging relationships and long-term limitations.

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Matchers (Reciprocity style)

Matchers strive for a balanced exchange of giving and receiving, operating on a principle of fairness. They build strong relationships but may miss deeper connections.

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Thoughtful Giver

A person who prioritizes giving to others and often helps in ways that benefit both themself and the recipient.

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Generosity with Boundaries

The ability to combine generosity with self-awareness and healthy boundaries to avoid burnout or exploitation.

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Principle of Double Effect

An action's effect on the common good is considered when evaluating the moral permissibility of an act with potentially bad side effects. It requires four conditions to be met.

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Common Good

The collective well-being of society, encompassing factors that allow individuals and the whole community to flourish.

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Solidarity

The recognition that we are interdependent and part of a broader community, leading to a sense of shared responsibility.

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Subsidiarity

The principle that decisions should be made at the lowest level possible, respecting individual autonomy and responsibilities.

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Role of Church and State in Justice

The roles of the Church and the state in promoting justice involve advocating for the vulnerable, working for social change, and upholding human dignity.

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Shareholder Theory

The idea that the CEO's primary duty is to maximize shareholder profits, regardless of other social or ethical considerations.

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Stakeholder Theory

The idea that corporations should consider the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, the community, and the environment, not just shareholders.

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Prudence

A cardinal virtue that involves making wise and right decisions based on sound judgment and understanding.

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Justice

A cardinal virtue that involves treating everyone fairly and giving them what they are due.

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Fortitude

A cardinal virtue that involves courage and resilience in the face of challenges and adversity.

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Temperance

A cardinal virtue that involves moderation and self-control in the pursuit of pleasure and the use of material goods.

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Common Good View

The concept that social value is found in the very existence of a community of people who work together to meet their basic needs and serve society as a whole.

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Ethics and Social Responsibility in Business Studies at Notre Dame

A characteristic of Notre Dame's business studies program is its emphasis on ethical decision-making and social responsibility.

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Ethical Leadership at Mendoza College of Business

One of the core values of Notre Dame's Mendoza College of Business is its commitment to ethical leadership, which involves making decisions that are not only profitable but also just and responsible.

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The Logic of Exchange

Involves giving something with the expectation of receiving something in return, often with a focus on personal gain.

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The Logic of Duty

Driven by a sense of obligation or duty, where giving is seen as a necessary action.

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The Logic of Gratuitousness (Gift)

Characterized by giving freely and unconditionally, without expecting anything in return.

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Pre-Commitment Device

Strategies or tools individuals use to align their future actions with their current goals or values, helping them overcome procrastination, impulsivity, or temptation.

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Why can curiosity be a vice?

Curiosity can become a vice when it's driven by shallow motives, such as seeking novelty or validation, rather than a genuine desire for knowledge and understanding.

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Church's Role

The Church's role is to shape individuals and refine their reasoning, awakening their spiritual drive to fight for justice.

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State's Role

The State's responsibility lies in creating a system of justice and ensuring the equitable distribution of wealth.

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Beyond Justice

The Church emphasizes that a commitment to justice alone is insufficient and that true transformation requires embracing a deeper, more transformative concept, namely, solidarity.

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Solidarity Defined

Solidarity involves understanding our interconnectedness as members of a community, going beyond individual self-interest and recognizing our shared responsibility for the wellbeing of others.

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Study Notes

Cheating and Ethical Behavior

  • People cheat less in well-lit, public settings.
  • Visual cues, like eyes on honor jars, increase honesty.
  • People mimic the ethical standards of their role models. Poor ethical role models lead to poor ethical behavior.
  • Self-awareness of ethical actions is key. People want to be ethical, but often don't consider everyday actions.
  • Self-engagement motivates ethical behavior, resisting unethical temptation. Examples of this include signing names to mileage reimbursements.
  • This study shows how external cues and internal self-awareness affect ethical decision-making.

Dopamine and Motivation

  • Dopamine drives wanting, desiring, seeking and searching. It fuels curiosity about ideas and information.
  • Dopamine's influence extends beyond physical needs; it motivates exploration of abstract concepts.
  • Novelty is a significant motivator, linked with the dopamine response.

Ethical Blindspots

  • Ethical blindspots arise from:
    • Believing oneself ethical, thus justifying unethical actions.
    • Unconscious biases
    • Conflicts of interest
  • Common blindspots include:
    • Overconfidence in personal ethics
    • Failure to recognize ethical dimensions of situations
    • Self-serving bias, viewing oneself positively, even when actions are not.
    • Incrementalism - gradually compromising ethical standards over time.

Behavioral Ethics

  • Behavioral ethics studies how people actually behave ethically, versus how they should.
  • It's a descriptive, not a normative, approach.
  • A key concept is "bounded ethicality" - recognizing that ethical limitations are more common than perfect ethical behavior.

Strategies to Increase Ethics

  • Visibility and self-engagement are key components in reinforcing ethical behavior.
  • Reinforcement via enforcement and deterrence is not effective and low-cost to improve ethics.
  • Building a culture of time pressure and efficiency is not a strategy to improve ethical standards (opposite).

The "Big Question" of Ethical Action

  • The central question is Why should we always act ethically?
  • Possible answers include ethical harmony and the significantly high cost of unethical business practices.

Experiment on Due Dates

  • Students with staggered deadlines set by the professor received the best grades.
  • Students setting their own deadlines performed second best.
  • Students with a single final deadline performed the worst.

Self-Control Credit Cards

  • A self-control credit card limits spending in different categories.
  • Banks did not widely adopt this concept.

Ethical Proactiveness

  • Awareness of internal compliance policies is not considered a proactive approach to ethics.

Corporate Social Responsibility

  • Milton Friedman believed the concept of corporate social responsibility is socialist.
  • Irving Kristol believed Capitalism does not always lead to bettering the well-being of everyone.

Additional Concepts

  • Ethical Fading: Decisions are made quickly without considering the ethical consequences. Personal "should self" (rational) fades in favor of desires from the "want self."
  • Forecasting Errors: Predictions about future ethical behavior differ from actual actions.
  • Three "C's" of Business: Contribute to human dignity/flourishing, Cooperate with solidarity, and Compete in subsidiarity.
  • Servant Leadership: A leadership style that prioritizes serving others and building relationships.

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Ethics Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Explore the intricate relationship between ethical behavior, motivation, and external influences such as environmental cues and role models. This quiz delves into how self-awareness and dopamine play crucial roles in driving ethical decision-making and awareness of ethical blindspots.

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