Ethics and Morality Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to Aristotle, what is the 'telos' of each thing?

The avoidance of any extreme in behavior or character.

The state of being virtuous at all times.

The ultimate good at which all things are aimed. (correct)

The fulfillment of one's duty toward others.

According to Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean, where do all virtues exist?

Only when they benefit oneself.

When individuals are living moderately. (correct)

Exclusively in positions of authority.

Within the extremes of deficient and excessive behavior.

According to Kant's ethical framework, a human action is considered good if it is driven by what?

The inherent goodness of the act itself whether it harms anyone or not.

A sense of duty towards others. (correct)

The desire to achieve personal happiness.

Adherence to the community's customs and traditions.

In Kant's 'Kingdom of Ends', how are individuals treated?

As ends unto themselves, with inherent respect. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential condition for ethics, according to Levinas' Relational Ethics?

The existence of at least two people. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that a person’s actions are primarily a result of the external influences such as other people?

Social determinism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of absolute poverty?

A lack of sufficient resources to secure basic human survival needs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the main distinction between 'pleasure' and 'happiness'?

Pleasure is a temporary sensation, while happiness is a more enduring state. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept aligns with the idea that values are not fixed but vary based on individual perspectives and cultural contexts?

Moral relativism (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the material provided, which term is associated with the idea of an 'anointed one'?

Christ (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered to be a component of St. Thomas Aquinas' definition of 'law'?

A reasonable decision made by a competent authority for the common good. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'superego' primarily use as a tool to regulate conduct?

Shame (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is a key idea behind the concept of naturalism?

The dominance of genetics in determining life choices (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes an individual who acts with awareness, choice, and is responsible for their actions?

Agent (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided definitions, what is the primary focus of ethics?

The Goods that human life tends towards, such as happiness and freedom (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical difference between shame and guilt?

Shame is about feeling that you are flawed, while guilt is about feeling that you have done something flawed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the provided definitions, what does 'parousia' refer to?

The second coming of Christ at the end of time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the concept of 'natural law' as it is presented in the content?

A moral foundation that urges humans towards goodness and order (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a core characteristic of 'human rights' according to the text?

They are freedoms derived from being made in the image of God, and are greater than the power of government (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the definitions provided, which statement best describes the nature of freedom?

It is the potential as humans to choose and act. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'covenant' in the context provided?

A promise between God and humans, that happens across all time and places. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Agent

An agent is a person who acts freely and knowingly, responsible for their actions.

Narcissism

Excessive self-love, excluding others. Often involves rage and aggression toward those who don't serve the narcissist.

Gentile

A person not of the Jewish faith or ancestry.

Jesus

Hebrew name Yeshua, meaning "Yahweh saves" or "God is salvation."

Ethics

Greek word "ta ethika," focusing on the goods that human life strives for (happiness, freedom, love, etc.).

Morality

Latin word "moralitas," focusing on how to achieve those goods through human actions.

Character

The way actions over time become fixed parts of a person.

Vices

Bad habits.

Virtues

Good habits.

Shame

Recognizing a flaw or shortcoming in oneself.

Guilt

Recognizing a flawed action.

Parousia

The second coming of Christ, marking the end of the age and the story of salvation.

Freedom

The potential to be and do, for what is and what can be.

Conscience

Reasoning and judgment of the moral quality of an action.

Natural Law

Principles of natural law dictate doing good and avoiding evil. Laws are needed to counter human frailties.

Covenant

God's relationship with humans, across all time and space. Covenants are promises.

Human Rights

Inherent freedoms based on being created in God's image. These rights are above government power.

Legal Rights

Rights granted by government, allowing participation, often to varying degrees.

Privilege

A special advantage or exemption beyond general rights.

Superego

Internal censor that uses shame to regulate conduct.

Providence

Catholic response to predestination, asserting human freedom despite God's plan.

Vocation

Call or purpose, often expressed through a profession or role.

Naturalism

Denies the existence of ethics or morality and attributes human action entirely to genetics.

Religious Determinism

Belief God predetermined the entirety of history and individual fates, including salvation or damnation. This philosophy rejects the notion of human freedom or free will.

Gospel

Good news, central to religious beliefs and practice.

Justice

Striving for the well being of oneself and others.

Poverty

Absolute poverty denotes a threat to survival. Relative poverty signifies a lack of wealth compared to others in the same society.

Absolute Poverty

Lacking resources for basic necessities (food, shelter, medical care).

Relative Poverty

Lacking average standard of wealth within a society.

Human behavior is shaped more by social influences than individual choice.

Intelligible Goods

Moral values that enhance happiness.

Sensible

Using the five senses to understand and enjoy the world's beauty/value.

Pleasure

A temporary state.

Happiness

A lasting state.

Norms

Rules or guidelines promoting virtuous behavior, arising from authorities like God, the government, and societies themselves.

Laws

Reasonable rules for the common good, imposed by authorities.

Rules

Prescribed guides for actions, determining allowed behaviors or activities.

Ethical Maxim

General rules or principles guiding conduct, applicable to all.

Secularism

God's initiative of love that requires cooperation. It emphasizes human's freedom.

Distributive Justice

Balancing the contributions and needs of society members. It addresses ethical distribution of resources.

Atheism

Absence of belief in the existence of deities.

Individualism

Self-focus over other considerations.

Consumerism

Attitude valuing material goods and appearances over inner development and personal relationships.

Actions

Activities resulting from a choice.

Intention

Motives for acting, the reasons behind choices.

Deontological Ethics

Moral duty guides actions, regardless of outcomes.

Deon

Meaning 'duty'

Determinism

Belief that human behavior is the product of outside forces.

Prophet

Messenger of God.

Teleological Ethics

Evaluating actions by their consequences/outcomes.

Telos

An end goal.

Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean

Achieving balance and moderation in life.

Deficient Vice

Failing to live up to a moral standard.

Moderate Point/Virtue

Maintaining balance and harmony.

Excessive Vice

Overdoing a positive characteristic.

Religious Ethics

Moral codes derived from religious beliefs. The teachings from figures like Moses, Jesus, and Henri Nouwen are an integral part of religious ethical frameworks.

Human Sin/Moral Issues

The concept of sin, often involving a perceived wrongdoing or deviation from moral principles.

Ethical Theory of Forms

The ultimate good/ideal form.

Catholic Teaching on the Moral Conscience

A judgment of reason in recognizing the moral quality of an action. (Catholic view).

Human Sin

Deviation from accepted moral principles.

Sermon on the Mount

Jesus' instructions to his followers.

Body of Christ

Believers as instruments of Christ, embodying His love and compassion.

The Trinity

The essence of God: One God in Three distinct and equal Persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit).

Human Rights and Common Sense

The relationship between fundamental rights and practical judgment.

Family as the First Cell of Society

The family is the foundational unit of society, fostering values, norms, and responsibility.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in ethics and morality, including the definitions of agents, virtues, vices, and the implications of guilt and shame. This quiz explores various philosophical ideas surrounding human behavior and moral responsibility.