Ethics and Law Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between ethics and law?

  • Law encompasses all ethical standards, making ethics redundant.
  • Ethics and law are completely distinct, with no overlap.
  • Ethical standards are derived solely from the legal framework of a society.
  • Law incorporates many ethical standards, but not all ethical actions are legally mandated. (correct)

What is a key problem with equating ethics with feelings or 'gut' instincts?

  • Feelings are subjective and may deviate from what is ethical. (correct)
  • Feelings are always a reliable guide to ethical behavior.
  • Feelings are objective and consistent across individuals.
  • Feelings are directly dictated by religious beliefs so they are always consistent with moral behavior.

Why is it problematic to confine ethics solely to religious beliefs?

  • All ethical principles are rooted in religious teachings.
  • If ethics were confined to religion, it would only be applicable only to those who follow that religion. (correct)
  • Religious beliefs are always consistent with ethical standards.
  • Religious beliefs are the most objective source of ethical guidance.

What is the main problem associated with the view that 'ethics is simply the norms of a society'?

<p>This can lead to ethical relativism and not be able to challenge societal norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes 'ethical relativism'?

<p>Moral values are relative to cultural environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the study of ethics?

<p>Understanding the theoretical foundations of moral principles and their practical application. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of global business, what is the saying 'When in Rome, do as the Romans do' an example of?

<p>Conforming to local practices in an effort to be competitive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main ethical dilemma in the 'Italian Tax Mores' case?

<p>Whether a visiting bank from another country is obligated to follow the host country's customs, even unethical ones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard Garliko's perspective, under what conditions does cheating become essentially a re-equalization of players?

<p>When cheating is common knowledge, widely practiced, and not stopped by authorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of 'Reflective Equilibrium' as described by John Rawls?

<p>To create a state of balance by adjusting general principles and specific judgments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within reflective equilibrium, what is the fundamental action required when discovering an apparent inconsistency in a set of moral beliefs?

<p>Revise the original moral principle to clarify its limitations and exceptions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the core principle of utilitarianism?

<p>Maximizing happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the trolley problem, what is the distinction between pushing a large man onto the tracks and pulling a lever to divert the trolley?

<p>Pushing the man involves a direct intent to harm, whereas pulling the lever is an unintended consequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to utilitarianism, how should one consider their own happiness compared to others' when making a decision?

<p>One should remain indifferent, considering their own and others' happiness impartially. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Josh Greene's fMRI investigation of the trolley problem reveal about emotional responses?

<p>Emotions are heightened when the act is up close and personal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key ethical issue does the Ford Pinto case highlight?

<p>The prioritization of cost-benefit analysis over human safety when making manufacturing decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central focus of deontological ethics, as opposed to utilitarianism?

<p>The intent of the action itself, irrespective of outcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative, what does it emphasize?

<p>Acting only according to actions that could become universal laws for all. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind the 'dirty hands problem'?

<p>That even when doing the morally right thing, a person may still do something morally wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative emphasize regarding human beings?

<p>That they should be seen as intrinsically valuable 'ends' in and of themselves and never to be treated as mere means. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to refer to something as a 'moral remainder'?

<p>The feeling of remorse that remains after a moral issue has been addressed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of business, what does the 'dirty hands' problem suggest?

<p>It is necessary for a business to engage in immoral behaviour to survive sometimes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between public and private morality?

<p>Public morality is the morality that relates to someone's role or position and private morality that of a person's affairs regardless of whether or not those affairs are private. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Albert Z. Carr, how does the game of poker relate to business?

<p>Bluffing and strategic dishonesty are acceptable and essential to success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided material, what is the primary purpose of advertising?

<p>To create dependency on consumption by instilling desires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a utilitarian perspective suggest about the consequences of advertising that creates desires?

<p>It diminishes the long-term well-being of most people by fabricating discontent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to a deontological perspective, how does advertising that manipulates desires treat individuals?

<p>As mere instruments to achieve the advertiser's goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Zuboff's concept of 'surveillance capitalism' primarily involve?

<p>The exploitation of personal data to predict and influence behavior for profit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern associated with surveillance capitalism?

<p>Undermining individual autonomy without prior consent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'is-ought' fallacy, as it relates to the objections against Carr's view?

<p>That what is done in business is how it <em>should</em> be done in business, ignoring ethical considerations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the relationship between meaningful work and job satisfaction?

<p>Meaningful work leads to job satisfaction and overall happiness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is Harry Frankfurt's view on integrity?

<p>Integrity is about integrating various aspects of one’s personality into a harmonious whole. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Sam Walton, who is the 'only boss' in a company?

<p>The customer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Milton Friedman's shareholder theory, what should be a corporation's primary goal?

<p>To maximize profits for its shareholders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of the shareholder theory, according to the content?

<p>It is too narrow and ignores other important stakeholders and goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'instrumentalist' in the provided content?

<p>Decisions are made for the ultimate goal of maximizing profit for shareholders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which statement best describes a corporation?

<p>A group of individuals legally authorized to act as a single entity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of 'Enlightened Self-interest', which of the following best describes the relationship between serving others' interests and one's own?

<p>Serving others' interests can ultimately advance one's own self-interest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following views asserts that corporations possess a moral status similar to but not exactly the same as persons?

<p>The moral actor view (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of the 'legal compliance view' of corporate obligations?

<p>It suggests a corporation's sole duty is to adhere to the law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of advertising does 'macro-level' concern primarily address?

<p>The moral justifications of advertising as a practice within society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of advertising, as described in the text, other than conveying information?

<p>To persuade the buyer about a product or service. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem associated with 'partial disclosure' in advertising according to the text?

<p>It involves intentionally withholding information about the product or service. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Kenneth Galbraith's 'Dependence Effect,' what is the impact of advertising?

<p>Advertising manipulates desires by creating wants that did not exist previously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle does deception in advertising directly undermine, according to the text?

<p>Autonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cultural Relativism

The view that moral values are entirely relative to particular environments.

Moral Intuition

A gut feeling we have about whether an action is right or wrong.

Argument

A series of statements intended to establish a definite conclusion.

Ethics

The study of theoretical foundations of moral principles governing individual behavior and the practical application of those principles.

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Moral Principle

A statement of moral law, often considered universal and unchanging.

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When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do

The practice of conforming to local customs and practices within a society, even if they conflict with one's own ethical standards.

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Ethical Relativism

The belief that ethical standards are determined by society and vary from culture to culture.

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Ethics Confined to Religion

The idea that ethics is based solely on religious beliefs.

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Reflective Equilibrium

A state of balance where general moral principles and specific judgments align, achieved through thoughtful deliberation and adjustment.

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Utilitarianism

A moral principle that emphasizes the consequences of actions, aiming for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

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Principle of Utility

The principle that an action is right if it promotes the greatest amount of happiness for the most people.

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Deontology

A moral theory that focuses on the intentions behind actions, rather than their consequences.

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Categorical Imperative

A universal rule that should be followed by everyone, regardless of personal desires or circumstances.

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First Formulation of Categorical Imperative

The first formulation of the Categorical Imperative suggests that an action is only morally right if it can be universalized, meaning it could be applied to everyone without contradiction.

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Second Formulation of Categorical Imperative

The second formulation of the Categorical Imperative states that individuals should always be treated as ends in themselves, not as mere means to an end.

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Re-equalizing the Playing Field

A situation where everyone is cheating, and it's widely known and ignored by authorities, so it becomes a new norm rather than actual cheating.

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Fabricating Desires

Manipulating people's desires for profit, often creating artificial needs and dissatisfaction.

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Surveillance Capitalism

Companies collect and use users' data without their explicit knowledge or consent.

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Prediction Products

Personal data collected online is turned into predictions about your behavior, then sold to businesses.

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Commodification of Experience

The idea that our online experiences are turned into products for companies to sell.

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Loss of Self

The potential loss of autonomy and identity due to constant monitoring and manipulation by corporations.

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Dirty Hands Problem

The idea that the moral wrongness of an act doesn't disappear just because it was done for a good cause. Actions have moral baggage, even if they lead to beneficial outcomes.

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Role Morality

The moral implications of actions performed in a public role or position.

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Business as a Game(Albert Z.Carr)

The idea that morality is different in professional settings, where actions are judged solely based on their benefit to the organization.

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Moral Remainders

The feeling of regret or remorse that remains after a moral problem has been solved.

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Proximity Effect

The tendency to be more emotionally affected by actions that are up close and personal compared to those that involve technology or distance.

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Intentional Harm vs. Unintended Consequence

The deliberate choice to participate in actions that may be morally wrong, but are necessary for achieving a greater good.

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Ford Pinto Case

A company's decision to prioritize profits over ethical considerations, potentially resulting in harm to individuals.

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Bisha Mine Lawsuit

The legal case involving a Canadian mining company accused of human rights violations at a mine in Eritrea.

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Shareholder Theory

When making decisions, executives should prioritize benefiting the company's owners, as their primary responsibility is to maximize profit for shareholders.

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Business Game Morality

The belief that ethics are separate in business and personal life. Business operates by its own set of rules, where morality is less relevant.

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Customer Primacy

The notion that a company's purpose is to serve its customers' needs and interests.

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Corporation

A legal entity composed of individuals authorized to act as a single unit, forming the foundation of modern commerce.

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Friedman's Shareholder Theory

The belief that a company's purpose is to maximize profit for its shareholders, who are its owners.

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Is-Ought Fallacy

An argument suggesting that might does not necessarily imply right or justification.

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Meaningful Work

A person achieves meaningful work when their job brings them fulfillment, satisfaction, and happiness.

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Integrity

The state of integrating various aspects of one's personality into a harmonious, unified whole. It involves acting in accordance with one's values and beliefs.

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Legal Compliance View

A corporation's only responsibilities are the legal obligations it faces. It does not possess moral responsibilities above its legal obligations.

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Moral Person View

Corporations are viewed as moral agents with rights and responsibilities similar to humans. They can be held accountable for their actions.

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Moral Actor View

Corporations have a special moral status, but not the full rights of individuals. They have legal rights but are not persons.

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The Dependence Effect

The belief that advertising creates desires that did not previously exist. Consumers' desires are not natural but manipulated by corporations.

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Partial Disclosure

Advertising focuses on highlighting specific features of a product, potentially leaving out important information about its disadvantages.

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Deception in Advertising

Deception in advertising involves intentionally leading consumers to believe something false about a product.

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Shockvertising

Advertising that aims to shock or provoke a strong emotional response from the audience.

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Macro-Level Advertising Concerns

Consideration of the moral implications of advertising on a large scale, looking at its impact on society as a whole.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Ethics and the Law

  • Ethics encompasses many ethical standards but some laws are illegal but not clearly unethical (e.g., jaywalking)
  • Ethics and feelings are often equated, but feelings can deviate from ethical standards (e.g., veganism)
  • Ethics is not just societal norms, conventions, and customs; this introduces the problem of cultural ethical relativism.
  • Ethics is a study of fundamental foundations of moral principles which guide individual behavior and practical applications.
  • A moral principle is a moral law, which states that harming others is wrong (e.g., genocide)
  • A moral intuition is a gut feeling about right or wrong.
  • An argument is a series of statements, which intends to establish a definite conclusion.

Chapter 2: Moral Diversity in the Globalization of Business

  • Should companies conform to local practices to be more competitive?
  • How can businesses operate around the world (e.g., when in Rome, do as the romans do - adapting to local practices)?

Case Studies (Page 2)

  • Lance Armstrong: some argue cheating is acceptable if widely practiced in the sport.
  • Italian Tax Mores: Should American banks follow local tax customs even if unethical?

Ethical Theories (Page 3)

  • Utilitarianism: Emphasizes the consequences of an action. The action that leads to the greatest possible overall happiness is the right one.
  • Deontology: The intention of the action is paramount. What matters is the rightness or wrongness of the action itself rather than its consequence. The morality is determined by Kant's categorical imperatives.

Categorical Imperatives (Page 3)

  • Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
  • Treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.

Chapter 3: Ethical Theories (Page 3)

  • The Trolley Problem: A thought experiment that highlights the conflict between intent and consequences, and the challenge of making difficult moral decisions.

The Dirty Hands Problem (Page 4)

  • A dilemma regarding the moral responsibility of individuals when caught in a situation where acting morally in one aspect results in an immoral action in another.
  • In business context, companies may compromise their own morals to survive.

Chapter 4: (Page 5)

  • Corporate purpose: The primary aim is to serve customer interests. There is only one boss – the customer – and they can fire all employees.
  • Four Key Terms: corporation, shareholder, Stakeholders, Shareholder primacy
  • Shareholder Primacy The idea that businesses are primarily responsible for their shareholders.

Chapter 5 (Page 6-7)

  • Stakeholders are anyone with a stake in a company's success (customer, employees, investors, etc.)
  • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Includes ethical, philanthropic, legal, and economic responsibilities of businesses to society.
  • The 3 moral advertising concerns.

Chapter 8 Advertising (Page 8)

  • Macro level The broader moral justifications of advertising as a practice.
  • Micro level The moral reasoning behind particular advertisements.
  • Specific considerations when advertising products like cigarettes and alcohol.
  • Advertising involves deception; partially disclosing information.
  • The dependence effect is where advertising creates desires instead of fulfilling them.

Chapter 9: Surveillance Capitalism (Page 9)

  • The digital revolution has led to a new form of capitalism that uses data to predict and manipulate human behaviour..
  • Companies make profits by exploiting, and commoditizing personal data.
  • This raises ethical concerns over the use, and commercialization of consumer data and individual privacy.

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Description

Test your understanding of the relationship between ethics and law, key problems in equating ethics with feelings, and the implications of ethical relativism. This quiz covers various perspectives, including those of Richard Garliko and John Rawls, as well as ethical dilemmas in global business contexts.

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