Ethics and Autonomy in Media
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Questions and Answers

Which value signifies the importance of truthfulness and the obligation to provide accurate information in journalism?

  • Trust
  • Objectivity (correct)
  • Transparency
  • Professionalism

In the accidental revelation by a congressional candidate, what ethical principle would support informing the voters?

  • Loyalty
  • Trust
  • Democracy (correct)
  • Confidentiality

What is the primary reason you should consider when deciding whether to inform a student about a professor’s incompetence?

  • Truth (correct)
  • Confidentiality
  • Professionalism
  • Respect

Which value relates to minimizing harm when reporting potentially damaging information?

<p>Harm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be more significant for stakeholders when facing a moral dilemma?

<p>Truth over financial interests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a reporter overhears a candidate not intending to keep promises, what ethical conflict arises?

<p>Dilemma of truth vs. privacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered a primary obligation in journalism towards the readers?

<p>Newsworthiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When weighing competing values in a moral dilemma, what does the term 'stakeholders' refer to?

<p>Those affected by decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power emphasizes the ability to influence others through rewards?

<p>Reward power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the skill model of leadership?

<p>Leadership skills can be learned and developed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'off the record' signify in journalistic practices?

<p>Confidential information not to be published (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cultural competency defined in the context of leadership?

<p>Sensitivity to diverse cultural identities and their impacts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'impoverished leadership'?

<p>Low concern for both people and results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of state shield laws for journalists?

<p>They allow reporters to conceal sources' identities in specific states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In leadership styles, what does a country club leader prioritize?

<p>High concern for people over results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ethnocentrism' refer to in cultural competence?

<p>Believing one's own culture is superior to others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that leadership qualities can be categorized into technical, human, and conceptual skills?

<p>Skill model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the First Amendment, what does 'freedom of the press' primarily protect?

<p>The right to publish and disseminate information without government control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Wooden's definition of success?

<p>Effort and self-satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the correspondence theory emphasize?

<p>Truth corresponds directly to reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is foundational to Wooden's pyramid of success?

<p>Industriousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Wooden differentiate between pressure and stress?

<p>Pressure leads to improvement, stress can be harmful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of astroturfing?

<p>A deceptive campaign appearing grassroots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Wooden avoid emphasizing in his discussions with teams?

<p>Winning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern regarding privacy evolved post-1890?

<p>The right to be left alone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional state is characterized as being uncontrolled?

<p>Emotionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does Wooden not prioritize in his coaching philosophy?

<p>Immediate rewards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the coherence theory suggest about reporting?

<p>There is room for interpretation in truth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Wooden believe about preparation for a competition?

<p>It requires detailed study of opponents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of data mining in relation to privacy?

<p>Reduction in personal data security (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quote reflects the importance of continual learning according to Wooden?

<p>The man died at 25, but was buried at 75. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of Care-Based Ethics?

<p>Involves putting oneself in another's shoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory is characterized by the slogan 'The end does NOT justify the means'?

<p>Duty-based ethics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach emphasizes harmony and community?

<p>Social Construct Ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Golden Mean concept, associated with Aristotle, primarily advocate for?

<p>Balancing between extremes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of ethics does the concept of 'Agape' refer to?

<p>Unconditional love for others, including those who may not be lovable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarianism is primarily concerned with what aspect of ethical decision-making?

<p>Maximizing overall happiness and benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is most closely associated with the development of Social Construct Ethics?

<p>Jean Jacques Rousseau (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does Feminist Ethics challenge in traditional ethical frameworks?

<p>The role of emotions in decision-making (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Virtue Ethics, what does finding a middle ground refer to?

<p>Striving for moderation in behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework considers the context dependent and subjective nature of morality?

<p>Relativism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical perspective prioritizes self-interest as a guide for morality?

<p>Egoism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of putting oneself in someone else's shoes is associated with which ethical theory?

<p>Care-Based Ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the FCC's Safe Harbor policy?

<p>To create a safe viewing environment for children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory focuses on the consequences of actions for the largest number of people?

<p>Utilitarianism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle states that stealing can be acceptable if it benefits many people?

<p>Utilitarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Moral Agent

The individual facing a moral dilemma who must decide what to do.

Values

The reasons or principles that influence a person's decisions and actions.

Stakeholders

Individuals or groups who have a vested interest in the outcome of a decision.

Competing Values

When two or more values clash in a situation, requiring you to prioritize.

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Code of Ethics

A set of principles and guidelines that define acceptable behavior for a profession or organization.

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Autonomy

The freedom to make your own choices and act independently.

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Objectivity

Making fair judgments and reporting facts without bias.

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Professionalism

Behaving in a way that is expected of a professional in your field.

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Confidentiality

Keeping private information shared between two parties, based on an express or implied promise.

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Off the Record

An agreement between a reporter and a source that information shared will not be attributed to the source.

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Branzburg v. Hayes

A Supreme Court case that ruled journalists must reveal confidential sources if ordered by a court.

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State Shield Laws

Laws in some states that protect journalists from having to reveal confidential sources.

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Credibility

The trustworthiness and reliability of a leader, built on trust, verified information, and ethical behavior.

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Referent Power

The influence a leader has based on their likability, charisma, and charm.

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Legitimate Power

Power derived from an official position or title, such as a CEO or manager.

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Coercive Power

Power based on the ability to punish or impose consequences.

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Reward Power

Power based on the ability to offer rewards or incentives.

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Cultural Competency

The ability to understand and appreciate different cultures, social identities, and how they can influence communication.

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Virtue Ethics

Finding the ideal balance, the 'middle ground', between extremes. It's about developing a virtuous character through moderation and finding the 'just right' approach.

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The Golden Mean

Aristotle's concept of finding the 'middle ground' between excess and deficiency to achieve moral virtue. It's about moderation and avoiding extremes in behavior.

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Care-Based Ethics

Ethical theory focused on empathy, compassion, and love. It emphasizes treating others as you would want to be treated, considering their well-being and perspectives.

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Agape

Unconditional and selfless love, extending even to those who are unlovable or difficult to love. It's about offering love without expecting anything in return.

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Duty-Based Ethics (Deontology)

Ethical system that emphasizes following universal moral rules and obligations. It focuses on doing the right thing, regardless of consequences.

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Categorical Imperative

A fundamental principle in Kantian ethics, stating that moral rules apply universally, regardless of specific situations or personal desires. It emphasizes absolute moral obligations.

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Utilitarianism

Ethical system that emphasizes maximizing happiness for the greatest number of people. It focuses on the consequences of actions, aiming to produce the most positive outcome for society.

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Social Contract Ethics

Ethical theory based on the idea that individuals agree to abide by certain rules and principles in exchange for the benefits of living in a society.

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Veil of Ignorance

John Rawls' concept of imagining a fair society where individuals are unaware of their own social position, advantages, and disadvantages. This helps to ensure fairness and equality.

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Feminist Ethics

Ethical theory that challenges traditional perspectives by emphasizing the importance of women's experiences, relationships, and care in ethical decision-making.

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Relativism

Ethical theory that suggests there are no absolute moral truths, and what is considered ethical varies from person to person or situation to situation.

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Egoism

Ethical theory that emphasizes the pursuit of self-interest, prioritizing one's own well-being and happiness above all else.

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News Media Ethics

Ethical principles guiding news reporting and journalism, emphasizing truthfulness, fairness, and objectivity in presenting information.

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Public Relations Ethics

Ethical principles guiding public relations professionals, emphasizing honesty, transparency, and fairness in communication, while advocating for their clients.

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Correspondence Theory of Truth

A theory that states truth exists when a statement accurately reflects reality. If something is true, it corresponds to what exists in the world.

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Coherence Theory of Truth

A theory that states truth is determined by how well a statement fits with a system of beliefs or knowledge. Truth is consistent within a framework.

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Social Construction Theory of Truth

A theory that suggests truths are created and maintained through social interactions and agreements. What's 'true' can vary depending on the group or culture.

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Astroturfing

A deceptive practice where a company or organization creates a fake grassroots movement to influence public opinion. They make it seem like real people support something.

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Wooden's Definition of Success

Success is achieved through self-satisfaction in knowing you put in your best effort.

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Wooden on Effort vs. Win

Wooden emphasizes effort over winning. He believes true success comes from giving your best, even if you don't always win.

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Wooden's 'Man Died at 25' Quote

This quote means that people who stop learning early in life are essentially dead to intellectual growth, even if they live long physically.

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Wooden's Pyramid of Success

A framework that guides individuals to achieve success by emphasizing core values like industriousness, enthusiasm, and faith.

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Pyramid Cornerstones: Industriousness & Enthusiasm

The foundation of Wooden's pyramid emphasizes hard work and passion, which are crucial for achieving success.

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Wooden on Faith

Faith, as defined by Wooden, is the belief that genuine effort will be rewarded. It's not a religious concept, but a belief in the power of hard work.

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Wooden on Leadership

Wooden believes a simple leadership philosophy is better than a complicated one, just like nuclear fusion is complex but powerful.

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Wooden on Punctuality

Arriving exactly at the scheduled time means you're late, according to Wooden. Being punctual is important for demonstrating respect.

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Wooden's 3x5 Index Cards

Wooden used index cards to organize schedules and instructions, emphasizing precision and clarity in planning.

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Wooden on Pressure vs. Stress

Pressure is positive, pushing us to improve. Stress is negative, causing errors.

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Privacy in the Constitution

The right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the US Constitution.

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Origins of Privacy Concerns

Privacy became a concern in the late 19th century due to factors like increased city crowding, newspaper circulation battles, and the rise of invasive reporting.

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Study Notes

Autonomy and Ethics

  • Autonomy is freedom or independence.
  • A code of ethics guides behavior.
  • News outlets can be biased.
  • The FTC ensures advertisers avoid false claims.
  • Passion is a powerful emotion.

Moral Dilemmas

  • A moral agent confronts a moral dilemma.
  • A sports example: a player worries about another player's well-being (example Jalen Hurts). The reporter must decide whether to write about it, ensuring various values don't conflict.
  • Ethical issues have multiple stakeholders: with individual values and weightings.
  • Examples of values: autonomy, confidentiality, democracy, dignity, fairness, financials, harm avoidance, justice, loyalty, newsworthiness, privacy, professionalism, respect, taste, truth, trust, objectivity.

Stakeholder Examples

  • A campaign staffer overhears misleading statements from a candidate. The staffer must consider telling voters, balancing values such as democracy, professionalism, truth, justice, and personal autonomy.
  • A reporter, in a similar situation, must consider news value vs. source relationships and privacy.
  • A college professor advising a student on a potentially poor choice of instructor, balances truth, professionalism, respect, dignity and potential harm vs professionalism,truth objectivity and avoiding harm.

Ethical Frameworks

Virtue Ethics

  • Virtue ethics emphasizes finding the 'golden mean' – the middle ground between extremes.
  • The 'Axial Age' (800-300 BCE) saw the rise of ethical thought.
  • Aristotle's 'Golden Mean'; Buddha's 'Middle Way'; Confucius' 'Central Mean'.

Care-Based Ethics

  • Care-based ethics prioritizes compassion and empathy, emphasizing the Golden Rule (“Love thy neighbor as thyself”).
  • Reversibility: "Do unto others..."
  • Agape: Unconditional love of the unlovable.
  • A kids movie example: avoiding content unsuitable for children, considering the impact on others.

Duty-Based Ethics (Deontological)

  • Duty-based ethics, rooted in Immanuel Kant, emphasizes universal moral rules and duties.
  • Absolutist or non-consequentialist: actions evaluated purely on adherence to the rules, regardless of outcome.
  • For instance, avoiding harm and lying are absolute principles.
  • The Robin Hood example: stealing is wrong, even in a noble goal.

Utilitarianism (Consequentialist)

  • Utilitarianism, from John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham focuses on the "greatest happiness for the greatest number."
  • Consequentialist and teleological: the morality of an action depends solely on its outcome.
  • The Robin Hood example: the resulting good for many justifies stealing from the few.

Social Contract Ethics

  • Social contract ethics, from philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, emphasizes societal norms and collective agreement.
  • Examples: social norms around appropriate behavior in public spaces (like using public facilities).
  • Truth in business: maintaining social contract through expectations of honesty.

Feminist Ethics

  • Feminist ethics responds to patriarchy, advocating for the consideration of private and public realms.
  • Emotional and intellectual aspects are equally valuable.

Relativism

  • Relativism suggests moral principles are subjective and vary by situation.
  • A student cheating excuses the wrongdoing with circumstances of animal loss.

Egoism

  • Egoism emphasizes self-interest.
  • A person discovers a cure for cancer primarily for recognition and personal reward.

News Media

  • News media aims for truth, fairness (balance in reporting), and objectivity.
  • Avoid offering personal opinions.

Public Relations, Marketing, and Advertising

  • These fields aim for truth and fairness but, in promoting a product or brand, can include persuasion.
  • Objective presentation of information is important.

Truth Theories

  • Correspondence theory: truth aligns with reality (a tree has leaves).
  • Coherence theory: truth arises from logical relationships within a system.
  • Social construction theory: truth is constructed by society—the most subjective form.
  • Astroturfing is the act of appearing as a grassroots movement.

Wooden's Success Pyramid

  • Wooden’s defined success as "peace of mind."
  • Two foundational cornerstones are industriousness and enthusiasm.
  • He stresses effort over outcome.
  • Emphasis on individual preparation and not opponent analysis.
  • Differentiates between pressure and stress.
  • Notes that success comes from effort (not extended practice times).

Confidentiality

  • Confidentiality, a key ethical concept, prioritizes trust and privacy in professional settings.
  • Specific actions/statements (e.g. "off the record") signify the need for confidentiality.
  • Legal and ethical issues are involved in protecting sources.
  • Branzburg v. Hayes: Court cases have challenged confidentiality protections in regard to journalism (sources).
  • State Shield Laws provide protections.

The Three C's of Credibility

  • Credibility comes from trust and verified reporting, along with loyalty and acting ethically, all enhancing credibility.

Communication

  • Communication skills (speaking, writing, interpersonal) are crucial for leadership.
  • Social/Emotional intelligence.

Cultural Competency

  • Cultural competency involves awareness of social identity markers (age, race, gender, religion) and related "isms."

Models of Leadership

  • Trait model: leaders are born with innate characteristics.
  • Skill model: considers the skills leaders develop.
  • Style model: how leaders adjust their approach.

First Amendment

  • Focuses on freedom of speech, press (for media).
  • Different approaches to journalism and the media (e.g., civic journalism, Russwurmian journalism).

Privacy

  • Privacy's evolution, from newspaper wars to data mining.
  • Key legal considerations (intrusion, publishing embarrassing facts, misappropriation, and false light).
  • Connection between privacy and law.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of autonomy, ethics, and moral dilemmas within the context of media and journalism. Examine real-life scenarios involving stakeholders and ethical decision-making, focusing on values like truth, justice, and professionalism.

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