Ethics 1: Utilitarianism and Deontology
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Questions and Answers

The temporary suffering of one individual is outweighed by the lives of potentially ______ saved.

thousands

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that is considered ______ because it focuses on the consequences of actions.

consequentialist

Normalizing actions like torture could lead to dangerous ______ and systemic abuses.

precedents

Under international law, torture is illegal in all ______ and therefore considered unethical.

<p>circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

The key argument for justifying torture is that the ends ______ the means.

<p>justify</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virtue Ethics focuses on the development of moral character and ______, such as courage and justice.

<p>virtues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mill recognized that cultivating noble and virtuous character traits contributes significantly to overall ______.

<p>happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accurate tax payments contribute to funding essential services like education and ______.

<p>healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ may foster a sense of pride and responsibility.

<p>Fulfilling your civic duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paying taxes fairly promotes ______, trust in governance, and social harmony.

<p>equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virtue ethics emphasizes being a good person rather than merely doing ______.

<p>acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Financial sacrifice reflects the ______ reduction in disposable income due to tax payments.

<p>immediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individual happiness may sometimes involve self-sacrifice or a deduction from the ______ for the greater good.

<p>benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ultimate goal is spiritual liberation by fulfilling one's ______.

<p>Dharma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confucius outlined the Five Virtues in the ______.

<p>Analects</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of __________ teaches to treat others how you want to be treated.

<p>the Golden Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hinduism focuses on fulfilling Dharma to unite with _______.

<p>Brahman</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cycle of rebirth in Hinduism is known as _______.

<p>Samsara</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarianism argues for maximizing overall ______ or minimizing harm.

<p>happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Trolley Problem is a classical moral thought ______ that presents challenging choices.

<p>experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Buddhism, the goal is to achieve _______ through the release from suffering.

<p>Nirvana</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deontological ethics emphasizes adhering to rules and moral ______.

<p>principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ refers to the deceptive world we perceive and are trapped in.

<p>Maya</p> Signup and view all the answers

The aspect of moral duties that promotes societal order is known as _______.

<p>Yi</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Trolley Problem Scenario 1, you must decide whether to pull a lever to save five people at the cost of one life, which highlights the dilemma between ______ and deontology.

<p>utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarianism Scenario 2 suggests that pushing the man off the ______ would save five lives.

<p>bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deontology Scenario 1 would refuse to pull the lever because it involves actively causing someone’s death, which is against the moral rule 'do not ______'.

<p>kill</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pushing someone to their death is viewed as a deliberate violation of their rights and ______.

<p>dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ticking Time-Bomb scenario is an ethical thought ______ often used to challenge moral principles.

<p>experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ imperative is associated with actions that are necessary in themselves and conform to reason.

<p>categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of _____, an action is right if it can be universally applied without contradiction.

<p>universalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _____ imperative is conditional and is contingent on achieving a specific outcome.

<p>hypothetical</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first formulation of the Categorical Imperative states to act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a _____ law.

<p>universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

In testing a maxim, if the action leads to a self-contradiction when imagined as a universal law, then the action is considered _____ .

<p>wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

The duty to _____ money without intending to pay it back poses a moral problem when tested against the principle of universalizability.

<p>borrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

When formulating a maxim, one should start with a personal rule, such as 'When I..., I shall...,' which is known as a _____.

<p>maxim</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second formulation of the Categorical Imperative stresses using humanity as an end in itself, not merely as a _____.

<p>means</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ultimate aim of ______ is to bring people happiness and peace.

<p>human destiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

To achieve happiness, it is essential to torture just one little ______.

<p>speck of creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The command 'thou shalt not ______' must be universally applied.

<p>lie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Act Utilitarianism focuses on the ______ itself.

<p>act</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rule Utilitarianism considers whether the moral rule will result in the greatest ______ for the greatest number.

<p>happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basis for a rational moral philosophy should be pure ______.

<p>reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

One Categorical Imperative is the concept of ______.

<p>universalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

A good will is necessary for the moral ______ of an action.

<p>value</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal validity of the moral command lies in its ______ to be universally true.

<p>demonstration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The moral motive must be rooted in ______.

<p>duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Utilitarianism

An ethical framework that judges the morality of an action based on its outcome.

Consequentialism

A type of ethical theory that judges the morality of an action by its results.

Torture and preventing catastrophic loss

A scenario where the ethical justification for torture is debated using a consequentialist reasoning, weighing individual suffering against the saving countless lives.

Reliability of information from torture

The quality of information obtained through torture is questioned due to the possibility of the suspect lying under duress or being innocent.

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Dangerous Precedents of Torture

Using torture can have an unacceptable impact on society leading to systematic abuse and violation of human rights.

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The Trolley Problem

A thought experiment in ethics about choosing between two morally challenging options, often involving saving some lives at the cost of others.

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Deontological Ethics

Ethical theory emphasizing adherence to rules and moral principles, even if it leads to worse outcomes.

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Scenario 1 (Switch Dilemma)

A trolley problem variation where one person can be saved by diverting the trolley.

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Utilitarian Scenario 2

Utilitarian viewpoint supporting a more direct action (e.g., pushing a person off a bridge) to save a larger number of lives.

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Deontology Scenario 1

Deontological viewpoint refusing to directly cause harm, even if it means a larger number of lives are lost.

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Deontology Scenario 2

Deontological viewpoint rejecting a direct action to save lives, as it violates fundamental principles like rights and dignity.

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The Ticking Time-Bomb Scenario

Ethical thought experiment focusing on exceptional circumstances and the justification of actions to prevent greater harm.

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Virtue Ethics

Focuses on developing moral character and virtues (like courage, generosity, and justice) as crucial to ethical living.

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Mill's Utilitarianism

Mill's view that happiness or pleasure is the ultimate goal, and actions are right if they maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

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Positive Consequences of Paying Taxes

Improved public services (like education and healthcare), moral satisfaction, and social stability result from responsible tax contributions.

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Negative Consequences of Paying Taxes

Paying taxes means reduced personal income, requiring financial sacrifice.

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Connection between Virtue Ethics and Utilitarianism

Cultivating virtues is essential for maximizing overall societal happiness (Mill's Utilitarianism).

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Public Services

Essential services funded by taxes, including education, healthcare and infrastructure.

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Moral Satisfaction

Feeling of pride, responsibility, and integrity from fulfilling civic duties like paying taxes.

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Social Stability

Fair tax payments promote trust in government, social harmony and equity.

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Act Utilitarianism

A form of utilitarianism that focuses on the consequences of individual actions.

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Rule Utilitarianism

A form of utilitarianism that focuses on the consequences of following moral rules.

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Categorical Imperative

A moral law that must be followed regardless of personal desires or consequences.

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Universalizability

The principle that a moral rule must apply to everyone in similar situations.

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Human as an end in itself

Human beings should never be treated merely as a means to an end, but always with respect.

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Autonomy

The capacity for self-governance and moral independence.

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Pure Reason

Reason independent of experience or emotion, used to understand morality.

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Good Will

Acting morally out of a sense of duty, not for personal gain or outcome.

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Moral Rule

A principle of conduct that guides moral decisions.

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Supreme Principle of Morality

The fundamental moral law.

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Spiritual Liberation in Hinduism

The goal of Hinduism to unite the Atman (inner self) with Brahman (ultimate reality) by fulfilling Dharma (duties).

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Dharma

Moral duties and responsibilities in Hinduism.

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Five Virtues (Analects)

Guide to moral character, including Ren (benevolence), Yi (righteousness), Li (propriety).

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Ren (Benevolence)

The Golden Rule in Confucianism: treating others as you want to be treated.

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Atman

The individual soul, a part of Brahman (ultimate reality) in Hinduism.

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Samsara

The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Hinduism and Buddhism.

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Brahman

The ultimate reality or source of all existence in Hinduism.

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Nirvana (Buddhism)

The ultimate goal of Buddhism, release from suffering (Dukkha) and the cycle of rebirth.

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Universalizability Test

A method for determining the rightness or wrongness of an action by imagining if the maxim governing the action becomes a universal law; if the maxim leads to a contradiction, the action is wrong.

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Maxim

A personal rule or principle that guides one's actions. For example: "When I need money, I shall borrow it from someone without intending to pay it back."

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Hypothetical Imperative

An imperative (command) that applies conditionally, for example, if you want certain results, then you will do this. This depends on a will to achieve something.

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Universal Law

A principle that applies to everyone in all similar situations.

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Duty (moral duty)

Obligation to act in accordance with moral principles.

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Self-Contradiction

A logical inconsistency that arises when a maxim is applied universally.

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Categorical Imperative Formulation 1

Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law.

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Study Notes

Ethics 1 Transes

  • Utilitarianism prioritizes maximizing overall well-being and minimizing harm.
  • The Trolley Problem is a thought experiment exploring moral dilemmas. Scenario 1 involves diverting a trolley to save five lives at the cost of one. Scenario 2 involves pushing a large man off a bridge to stop the trolley, again saving five lives.
  • Deontology focuses on adherence to moral principles and rules, regardless of consequences. A deontologist would likely refuse to pull the lever (Scenario 1) or push the man (Scenario 2).
  • The Ticking Time Bomb Scenario explores moral choices in extreme situations.
  • The Principle of the Trolley Problem examines the ethics of extreme measures to prevent a catastrophe.
  • Key arguments in utilizing Utilitarian and Deontological frameworks in the Trolley Problem and other scenarios.
  • The Greatest Happiness Principle is a concept in Utilitarianism, that prioritizes actions that produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
  • John Stuart Mill expanded on Bentham's utilitarianism by adding a qualitative element, differentiating between different pleasures.
  • Virtue ethics emphasizes the cultivation of moral character as essential to ethical decision-making.
  • Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics are contrasted and their strengths and weakness are discussed.
  • Deontological Ethics is about acting from a sense of duty, that is because it s the right thing to do. A universalizability test can be used to help determine one´s duty.
  • The concept of the Categorical Imperative is explained and its application to moral decision making.
  • Discussion about if certain religious considerations apply to ethical decision making. Specifically the moral implications of torture is examined.
  • Legal perspectives on issues like abortion, organ donation, and end-of-life decisions are analyzed.
  • Discussions on the different religions and their unique perspective on ethical decision making is presented. Moral responsibilities are explored.
  • Concepts in ethics, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics alongside arguments against, and examples of their practical application in contemporary society.
  • The main takeaways from the module with regards to specific religious perspectives are presented.
  • Contemporary concerns are addressed along with a historical analysis of relevant topics in ethics.

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Description

Explore key concepts in ethics, focusing on Utilitarianism and Deontology. This quiz dives into thought experiments like the Trolley Problem and discusses principles like the Greatest Happiness Principle. Understand the moral dilemmas and frameworks shaping ethical decision-making.

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