Review Question 1-3

Which of the following best describes ethical objectivism?

What is the primary goal of a moral theory?

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason for wanting a moral theory?

The statement 'Whatever God commands us to do is right' is unambiguous and has only one possible interpretation.

Which theory suggests that certain actions are right because God commands them?

Which theory suggests that religion is necessary to help us determine what is right and what is wrong?

State one major objection philosophers raise against Divine Command Theory.

The three reasons why religion is necessary for morality are: religion is necessary to motivate people to do what is ______, religion is necessary to help us determine what is right and what is wrong and without religion people wouldn’t know how to handle situations in the right or wrong way.

A group of people are stranded on a lifeboat that is overcrowded and will sink unless someone is thrown off. According to the 'Respect for Persons' principle, why would throwing someone off the boat be criticized?

According to Aristotle, cultivating virtues is unimportant because it primarily benefits the individual and does not significantly impact the well-being of others.

According to Rachels' interpretation of Radical Virtue Ethics, what determines if an action is right?

According to Brian Tracy, the most important virtue is ______, and it can be learned through study, practice, and instruction.

Match the concept with its description, according to Kantian ethics:

According to hedonistic utilitarianism, what is the fundamental criterion for determining the rightness of an action?

Hedonistic utilitarianism considers both pleasure and happiness as intrinsically good.

Besides pleasure and pain, name one other central feature of hedonistic utilitarianism.

According to hedonistic utilitarianism, the morality of an action is determined by assessing its overall ________.

Match the moral senses with their descriptions:

How does one decide whether an action is morally right according to hedonistic utilitarianism?

Utilitarians believe that the actual consequences of an action are more important than the probable consequences when determining the action's morality.

Why do utilitarians focus on the ‘probable’ consequences rather than the 'actual' consequences of actions?

Utilitarians assess commonly accepted moral rules based on their ability to ________ utility.

According to hedonistic utilitarianism, why might an action with bad consequences be considered 'right'?

Hedonistic utilitarianism advocates for treating non-human animals with less consideration than humans.

According to Mill, is religion a necessary component for developing morals?

One virtue of hedonistic utilitarianism is that it provides a ________ to determine the rightness and wrongness of actions.

Which of the scenarios would a hedonistic utilitarian consider an unacceptable consequence?

Hedonistic utilitarianism easily accommodates back-looking reactions to actions.

Individual relativism posits that an action is right for a person if they believe it is right, regardless of whether others agree.

Which of the following is a central tenet of individual relativism?

According to Kant, under what condition is happiness not considered a good thing?

Give an example that illustrates an objection to individual relativism due to its counterintuitive results.

According to Kant, an action that conforms to duty is always morally good.

Explain in your own words, what Kant means by 'good will'.

According to individual relativism, one could never be mistaken in one's moral ______.

A __________ imperative commands you to do something to get something else, while a __________ imperative is a universal, exceptionless command that applies to all rational agents.

Match each ethical theory with its description:

What fundamentally distinguishes descriptive relativism from ethical relativism?

Which of the following best describes Kant's 'Universal Law' formulation of the categorical imperative?

Kant believed that making promises you don't intend to keep is morally acceptable if it benefits the majority.

Ethical relativism implies that if a society believes cannibalism is morally acceptable, then it is morally acceptable for that society.

Explain why the 'Universal Law' formulation of the categorical imperative is considered subjective.

According to ethical relativism, which of the following actions could be considered 'right'?

Which scenario best illustrates the criticism that Kant's categorical imperative cannot adequately handle conflicting maxims?

Provide one major objection to ethical relativism concerning obviously wrong actions.

The "Respect for Persons" formulation of Kant's categorical imperative states that we should always treat persons as __________ in themselves and never merely as __________.

A significant issue with ethical relativism is the problem of determining the relevant ______ group.

According to Kant's 'Respect for Persons' formulation, it is morally permissible to use someone for your own benefit as long as they are aware of it.

Why is ethical relativism still widely accepted despite its problems?

Briefly differentiate between perfect duties and imperfect duties, according to Kant.

Ethical relativism is popular because it's free from confusion and provides definitive moral answers.

Which of the following situations poses a criticism of the 'Respect for Persons' formulation, suggesting it can require behavior at odds with treating persons with respect?

Give an example where moral principles are universally accepted but differ in action due to different non-moral beliefs.

The ethical approach which states the right action has the vest consequences is called ______.

Actions that bring about the best consequences are considered __________

Which describes utilitarianism?

Explain what it means for an action to be subjectively right.

According to the content, objectively right actions are determined by the information given to you internally.

According to Radical Virtue Ethics, what determines if an action is right?

According to Brian Tracy, integrity is the least important virtue.

According to Brian Tracy, what question should one ask for the development of character?

According to Kant, only a person with a good _____ is good without qualification.

Match the following Kantian concepts with their descriptions:

According to Kant, why is happiness not good without qualification?

For Kant, an action done in accordance with duty is always morally good.

What is the key difference between acting in accordance with duty and acting from duty, according to Kant?

Kant's Universal Law formulation states: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a _____ _____.

Which of the followiong is an example of a pleasure that Immanuel Kant would say is not good?

A perfect duty can be fulfilled in multiple ways.

What kind of actions does the 'Respect for Persons' formulation prohibit us from doing?

A hypothetical imperative commands you to do something to achieve a specific _____.

Which criticism of Kant's Universal Law formulation suggests that it can lead to unacceptable consequences due to its subjective nature?

According to Kant, it is always morally permissible to make a promise you don't intend to keep if it benefits you.

List 3 features of hedonistic utilitarianism

How, according to hedonistic utilitarianism, does one decide whether it is right?

Explaining in detail why utilitarians think we should appeal to the problem consequence rather than actual consequence of actions when determining what we should do

Explain the hedonistic utilitarian attitude toward the commonly accepted moral rules, such as those prohibiting killing, injuring, and lying to others. To what extent would a utilitarian accept such rules?

Does Mill think that religious beliefs are necessary to ensure moral behavior? How does Mill see the relationship between religion and utilitarianism?

What are some of the main virtues of hedonistic utilitarianism? Explain each virtue