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Such overextensive promises can create pressure in relationships and lead to feelings of ______ or inadequacy.
betrayal
Kant distinguishes between two types of contradictions: contradiction in ______ and contradiction in willing.
conception
A contradiction in conception occurs when universalizing a maxim leads to a logical ______.
contradiction
An example of a maxim that leads to a contradiction in conception is the maxim of ______.
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Contradiction in ______ happens when the maxim is logically conceivable but leads to a situation a rational being would not will.
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In Kantian ethics, an action universalizes if the principle behind it can be consistently applied to everyone without ______.
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Lying to avoid trouble does not ______ according to Kantian ethics.
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The maxim 'lie to avoid trouble' leads to a ______ when universalized.
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Thomson's violinist thought experiment involves a famous unconscious ______ whose life depends on being connected to you.
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The thought experiment raises the question of whether consent to ______ implies consent to carry a fetus to term.
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Thomson emphasizes the importance of ______ autonomy, which is your right to control what happens to your body.
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The experiment challenges the idea that being responsible for another's life automatically obligates you to ______ it.
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Hallie Liberto believes that sexual promises are ______, suggesting they may extend beyond reasonable expectations.
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An example of an overextensive promise is assuring a partner that you will never find anyone else ______.
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Liberto argues that promises should not neglect personal ______ and boundaries.
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The moral distinction in Thomson's experiment lies between ______ (actively causing death) and letting die (withdrawing support).
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Utilitarianism judges actions based on their ______---specifically, whether they maximize overall happiness or utility.
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Kantian ethics evaluates actions based on adherence to moral ______ or principles, regardless of the result.
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A utilitarian would argue that ______ is the right thing to do to protect a friend from harm.
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According to Kant, lying cannot be universally willed without ______, making it always morally wrong.
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The principle of non-contradiction states that the same thing cannot do or undergo opposite actions at the same time and in the same ______.
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Socrates identifies one part of the soul responsible for desire called the ______ part.
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Glaucon makes a distinction between three kinds of ______.
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Glaucon argues that justice belongs to the highest class of goods, valued both for its ______ sake and for its consequences.
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Goods that are valued for their own sake provide purely for the ______ they offer.
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Socrates refuses to flee Athens because it would violate his belief in ______ and obedience to the laws.
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Goods that are valued only for their consequences might be ______, but they lead to something beneficial.
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Socrates argues that by living in Athens, he has implicitly agreed to abide by its ______.
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Socrates' view of life centers around living a just and ______ life.
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In the Apology, Socrates asks for free meals for life in the ______ as his punishment.
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Socrates feels justified in asking for a reward because he believes he has benefited the city by encouraging ______ among the youth.
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Socrates views fleeing as undermining his philosophy and ______.
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Study Notes
Thomson's Violinist
- Thought experiment presents a scenario where you are connected to a violinist whose life depends on your connection for nine months.
- Raises questions about whether being responsible for another's life automatically obligates you to sustain it.
- Challenges the idea that consent to sex implies consent to carry a fetus to term.
- Emphasizes the importance of bodily autonomy and the right to control your own body.
- Encourages consideration of the moral distinction between actively causing death and letting die.
Overextensive Sexual Promises
- Argument that some promises in sexual relationships may be excessive, unrealistic, or go beyond reasonable expectations.
- Examples include promises of never finding anyone else attractive, always being emotionally available, or never desiring anyone else.
- Such promises can create pressure, lead to disappointment, and potentially result in feelings of betrayal or inadequacy.
Contradiction in Conception vs. Contradiction in Willing
- Kant's categorical imperative tests maxims (principles guiding action) for universalizability.
- Contradiction in conception: The very idea of universalizing a maxim leads to a logical contradiction; the maxim would be impossible if applied universally.
- Example: Lying cannot be conceived as a universal law without contradiction.
- Contradiction in willing: Universalizing a maxim is logically conceivable but leads to a situation that no rational person would will.
- Example: Refusal to help others while simultaneously wanting help when needed results in a world where no one helps anyone.
Action That Does Not Universalize
- An action universalizes if its principle (the maxim) can be consistently applied to everyone without contradiction.
- Example: Lying to get out of trouble.
- This maxim cannot be universalized because if everyone lied, trust in communication would collapse, making lying ineffective.
- Kant's categorical imperative suggests lying is morally wrong as it leads to a contradiction when universalized.
Utilitarianism vs. Kantian Ethics
- Utilitarianism judges actions based on their outcomes, maximizing overall happiness or utility.
- Kantian ethics evaluates actions based on adherence to moral duties or principles, regardless of the result.
- Example: Lying to protect a friend from harm.
- Utilitarian perspective: Lying is justified as it prevents harm, maximizing well-being.
- Kantian perspective: Lying is morally wrong as it cannot be universally willed without contradiction.
The Principle of Non-Contradiction
- States that the same thing cannot do or undergo opposite actions at the same time and in the same respect.
- Socrates uses this principle to distinguish parts of the soul, arguing that conflicting desires indicate different parts.
- Example: Desiring to drink while simultaneously resisting it suggests different parts of the soul: the appetitive (desire) and the rational (decision-making).
Three Kinds of Goods
- Glaucon distinguishes three kinds of goods in the Republic:
- Valued for their own sake: Enjoyed solely for the pleasure they provide (e.g., savoring a delicious meal).
- Valued for their consequences: Pursued for their beneficial outcomes, even if not inherently enjoyable (e.g., medical treatment).
- Valued for both their own sake and consequences: Highest kind of goods, desirable in themselves and beneficial (e.g., knowledge or health).
Socrates' Decision in the Crito
- Socrates refuses to flee Athens despite Crito's plea.
- He believes escaping would violate his commitment to justice and obedience to Athenian laws.
- He views life as not merely about survival but about living a just and virtuous life.
Socrates' Punishment in the Apology
- Socrates provocatively asks for free meals for life at the Prytaneum after being found guilty.
- He justifies this by claiming he has benefited the city by encouraging virtue and critical thinking.
- He does not believe he has acted unjustly and feels entitled to a reward.
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Description
This quiz explores various thought experiments and ethical dilemmas related to bodily autonomy, sexual promises, and the moral implications of responsibility in relationships. By examining scenarios like Thomson's Violinist, it delves into the complexities of consent and the expectations set in intimate partnerships. Prepare to challenge your understanding of ethics in modern relationships.
